From f1bcacf94aa142e60a67090e261a12d635ada19a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: damien Date: Thu, 28 Oct 1999 23:18:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Renamed open* -> * at request of Theo de Raadt --- Makefile.in | 32 +- openscp.1 | 110 ------ openssh-add.1 | 116 ------ openssh-agent.1 | 124 ------ openssh-keygen.1 | 155 -------- openssh.1 | 966 ----------------------------------------------- openssh.spec | 94 ++--- opensshd.8 | 781 -------------------------------------- opensshd.init | 22 +- ssh.h | 2 +- sshd.c | 2 +- sshd_config | 4 +- 12 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 2339 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 openscp.1 delete mode 100644 openssh-add.1 delete mode 100644 openssh-agent.1 delete mode 100644 openssh-keygen.1 delete mode 100644 openssh.1 delete mode 100644 opensshd.8 diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in index 2601404c..16bb16da 100644 --- a/Makefile.in +++ b/Makefile.in @@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ libdir=@libdir@ CC=@CC@ OPT_FLAGS=-g CFLAGS=$(OPT_FLAGS) -Wall -DETCDIR=\"@sysconfdir@\" @DEFS@ -TARGETS=bin/libopenssh.a bin/openssh bin/opensshd bin/openssh-add bin/openssh-keygen bin/openssh-agent bin/openscp +TARGETS=bin/libssh.a bin/ssh bin/sshd bin/ssh-add bin/ssh-keygen bin/ssh-agent bin/scp LFLAGS=-L./bin -LIBS=-lopenssh @LIBS@ +LIBS=-lssh @LIBS@ AR=@AR@ RANLIB=@RANLIB@ @@ -23,32 +23,32 @@ OBJS= authfd.o authfile.o auth-passwd.o auth-rhosts.o auth-rh-rsa.o \ all: $(OBJS) $(TARGETS) -bin/libopenssh.a: authfd.o authfile.o bufaux.o buffer.o canohost.o channels.o cipher.o compat.o compress.o crc32.o deattack.o hostfile.o match.o mpaux.o nchan.o packet.o readpass.o rsa.o tildexpand.o ttymodes.o uidswap.o xmalloc.o helper.o rc4.o mktemp.o strlcpy.o +bin/libssh.a: authfd.o authfile.o bufaux.o buffer.o canohost.o channels.o cipher.o compat.o compress.o crc32.o deattack.o hostfile.o match.o mpaux.o nchan.o packet.o readpass.o rsa.o tildexpand.o ttymodes.o uidswap.o xmalloc.o helper.o rc4.o mktemp.o strlcpy.o [ -d bin ] || mkdir bin $(AR) rv $@ $^ $(RANLIB) $@ -bin/openssh: ssh.o sshconnect.o log-client.o readconf.o clientloop.o +bin/ssh: ssh.o sshconnect.o log-client.o readconf.o clientloop.o [ -d bin ] || mkdir bin $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS) -bin/opensshd: sshd.o auth-rhosts.o auth-passwd.o auth-rsa.o auth-rh-rsa.o pty.o log-server.o login.o servconf.o serverloop.o +bin/sshd: sshd.o auth-rhosts.o auth-passwd.o auth-rsa.o auth-rh-rsa.o pty.o log-server.o login.o servconf.o serverloop.o [ -d bin ] || mkdir bin $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS) -bin/openscp: scp.o +bin/scp: scp.o [ -d bin ] || mkdir bin $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS) -bin/openssh-add: ssh-add.o log-client.o +bin/ssh-add: ssh-add.o log-client.o [ -d bin ] || mkdir bin $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS) -bin/openssh-agent: ssh-agent.o log-client.o +bin/ssh-agent: ssh-agent.o log-client.o [ -d bin ] || mkdir bin $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS) -bin/openssh-keygen: ssh-keygen.o log-client.o +bin/ssh-keygen: ssh-keygen.o log-client.o [ -d bin ] || mkdir bin $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(LFLAGS) $(LIBS) @@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ install: install -d $(bindir) install -d $(sbindir) install -d $(libdir) - install -c bin/openssh $(bindir)/openssh - install -c bin/openscp $(bindir)/openscp - install -c bin/openssh-add $(bindir)/openssh-add - install -c bin/openssh-agent $(bindir)/openssh-agent - install -c bin/openssh-keygen $(bindir)/openssh-keygen - install -c bin/opensshd $(sbindir)/opensshd - install -c bin/libopenssh.a $(libdir)/libopenssh.a + install -c bin/ssh $(bindir)/ssh + install -c bin/scp $(bindir)/scp + install -c bin/ssh-add $(bindir)/ssh-add + install -c bin/ssh-agent $(bindir)/ssh-agent + install -c bin/ssh-keygen $(bindir)/ssh-keygen + install -c bin/sshd $(sbindir)/sshd + install -c bin/libssh.a $(libdir)/libssh.a distclean: clean rm -f Makefile config.h *~ diff --git a/openscp.1 b/openscp.1 deleted file mode 100644 index d8207664..00000000 --- a/openscp.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,110 +0,0 @@ -.\" -*- nroff -*- -.\" -.\" scp.1 -.\" -.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen -.\" -.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen , Espoo, Finland -.\" All rights reserved -.\" -.\" Created: Sun May 7 00:14:37 1995 ylo -.\" -.\" $Id$ -.\" -.Dd September 25, 1999 -.Dt SCP 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm scp -.Nd secure copy (remote file copy program) -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm scp -.Op Fl pqrvC -.Op Fl P Ar port -.Op Fl c Ar cipher -.Op Fl i Ar identity_file -.Sm off -.Oo -.Op Ar user@ -.Ar host1 No : -.Oc Ns Ar file1 -.Sm on -.Op Ar ... -.Sm off -.Oo -.Op Ar user@ -.Ar host2 No : -.Oc Ar file2 -.Sm on -.Sh DESCRIPTION -.Nm -copies files between hosts on a network. It uses -.Xr ssh 1 -for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the -same security as -.Xr ssh 1 . -Unlike -.Xr rcp 1 , -.Nm -will ask for passwords or passphrases if they are needed for -authentication. -.Pp -Any file name may contain a host and user specification to indicate -that the file is to be copied to/from that host. Copies between two -remote hosts are permitted. -.Pp -The options are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Fl c Ar cipher -Selects the cipher to use for encrypting the data transfer. This -option is directly passed to -.Xr ssh 1 . -.It Fl i Ar identity_file -Selects the file from which the identity (private key) for RSA -authentication is read. This option is directly passed to -.Xr ssh 1 . -.It Fl p -Preserves modification times, access times, and modes from the -original file. -.It Fl r -Recursively copy entire directories. -.It Fl v -Verbose mode. Causes -.Nm -and -.Xr ssh 1 -to print debugging messages about their progress. This is helpful in -debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems. -.It Fl B -Selects batch mode (prevents asking for passwords or passphrases). -.It Fl q -Disables the progress meter. -.It Fl C -Compression enable. Passes the -.Fl C -flag to -.Xr ssh 1 -to enable compression. -.It Fl P Ar port -Specifies the port to connect to on the remote host. Note that this -option is written with a capital -.Sq P , -because -.Fl p -is already reserved for preserving the times and modes of the file in -.Xr rcp 1 . -.Sh AUTHORS -Timo Rinne and Tatu Ylonen -.Sh HISTORY -.Nm -is based on the -.Xr rcp 1 -program in BSD source code from the Regents of the University of -California. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr rcp 1 , -.Xr ssh 1 , -.Xr ssh-add 1 , -.Xr ssh-agent 1 , -.Xr ssh-keygen 1 , -.Xr sshd 8 diff --git a/openssh-add.1 b/openssh-add.1 deleted file mode 100644 index ebc07e33..00000000 --- a/openssh-add.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -.\" -*- nroff -*- -.\" -.\" ssh-add.1 -.\" -.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen -.\" -.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen , Espoo, Finland -.\" All rights reserved -.\" -.\" Created: Sat Apr 22 23:55:14 1995 ylo -.\" -.\" $Id$ -.\" -.Dd September 25, 1999 -.Dt SSH-ADD 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm ssh-add -.Nd adds identities for the authentication agent -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm ssh-add -.Op Fl ldD -.Op Ar -.Sh DESCRIPTION -.Nm -adds identities to the authentication agent, -.Xr ssh-agent 1 . -When run without arguments, it adds the file -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity . -Alternative file names can be given on the -command line. If any file requires a passphrase, -.Nm -asks for the passphrase from the user. -The Passphrase it is read from the user's tty. -.Pp -The authentication agent must be running and must be an ancestor of -the current process for -.Nm -to work. -.Pp -The options are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Fl l -Lists all identities currently represented by the agent. -.It Fl d -Instead of adding the identity, removes the identity from the agent. -.It Fl D -Deletes all identities from the agent. -.El -.Sh FILES -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity -Contains the RSA authentication identity of the user. This file -should not be readable by anyone but the user. -Note that -.Nm -ignores this file if it is accessible by others. -It is possible to -specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be -used to encrypt the private part of this file. This is the -default file added by -.Nm -when no other files have been specified. -.Pp -If -.Nm -needs a passphrase, it will read the passphrase from the current -terminal if it was run from a terminal. If -.Nm -does not have a terminal associated with it but -.Ev DISPLAY -is set, it -will open an X11 window to read the passphrase. This is particularly -useful when calling -.Nm -from a -.Pa .Xsession -or related script. (Note that on some machines it -may be necessary to redirect the input from -.Pa /dev/null -to make this work.) -.Sh AUTHOR -Tatu Ylonen -.Pp -OpenSSH -is a derivative of the original (free) ssh 1.2.12 release, but with bugs -removed and newer features re-added. Rapidly after the 1.2.12 release, -newer versions bore successively more restrictive licenses. This version -of OpenSSH -.Bl -bullet -.It -has all components of a restrictive nature (ie. patents, see -.Xr ssl 8 ) -directly removed from the source code; any licensed or patented components -are chosen from -external libraries. -.It -has been updated to support ssh protocol 1.5. -.It -contains added support for -.Xr kerberos 8 -authentication and ticket passing. -.It -supports one-time password authentication with -.Xr skey 1 . -.El -.Pp -The libraries described in -.Xr ssl 8 -are required for proper operation. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr ssh 1 , -.Xr ssh-agent 1 , -.Xr ssh-keygen 1 , -.Xr sshd 8 , -.Xr ssl 8 diff --git a/openssh-agent.1 b/openssh-agent.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 0329b640..00000000 --- a/openssh-agent.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,124 +0,0 @@ -.\" -*- nroff -*- -.\" -.\" ssh-agent.1 -.\" -.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen -.\" -.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen , Espoo, Finland -.\" All rights reserved -.\" -.\" Created: Sat Apr 23 20:10:43 1995 ylo -.\" -.\" $Id$ -.\" -.Dd September 25, 1999 -.Dt SSH-AGENT 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm ssh-agent -.Nd authentication agent -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm ssh-agent -.Ar command -.Sh DESCRIPTION -.Nm -is a program to hold authentication private keys. The -idea is that -.Nm -is started in the beginning of an X-session or a login session, and -all other windows or programs are started as children of the ssh-agent -program (the -.Ar command -normally starts X or is the user shell). Programs started under -the agent inherit a connection to the agent, and the agent is -automatically used for RSA authentication when logging to other -machines using -.Xr ssh 1 . -.Pp -The agent initially does not have any private keys. Keys are added -using -.Xr ssh-add 1 . -When executed without arguments, -.Xr ssh-add 1 -adds the -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity -file. If the identity has a passphrase, -.Xr ssh-add 1 -asks for the passphrase (using a small X11 application if running -under X11, or from the terminal if running without X). It then sends -the identity to the agent. Several identities can be stored in the -agent; the agent can automatically use any of these identities. -.Ic ssh-add -l -displays the identities currently held by the agent. -.Pp -The idea is that the agent is run in the user's local PC, laptop, or -terminal. Authentication data need not be stored on any other -machine, and authentication passphrases never go over the network. -However, the connection to the agent is forwarded over SSH -remote logins, and the user can thus use the privileges given by the -identities anywhere in the network in a secure way. -.Pp -A connection to the agent is inherited by child programs: -A unix-domain socket is created -.Pq Pa /tmp/ssh-XXXX/agent. , -and the name of this socket is stored in the -.Ev SSH_AUTH_SOCK -environment -variable. The socket is made accessible only to the current user. -This method is easily abused by root or another instance of the same -user. -.Pp -The agent exits automatically when the command given on the command -line terminates. -.Sh FILES -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity -Contains the RSA authentication identity of the user. This file -should not be readable by anyone but the user. It is possible to -specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be -used to encrypt the private part of this file. This file -is not used by -.Nm -but is normally added to the agent using -.Xr ssh-add 1 -at login time. -.It Pa /tmp/ssh-XXXX/agent. , -Unix-domain sockets used to contain the connection to the -authentication agent. These sockets should only be readable by the -owner. The sockets should get automatically removed when the agent -exits. -.Sh AUTHOR -Tatu Ylonen -.Pp -OpenSSH -is a derivative of the original (free) ssh 1.2.12 release, but with bugs -removed and newer features re-added. Rapidly after the 1.2.12 release, -newer versions bore successively more restrictive licenses. This version -of OpenSSH -.Bl -bullet -.It -has all components of a restrictive nature (ie. patents, see -.Xr ssl 8 ) -directly removed from the source code; any licensed or patented components -are chosen from -external libraries. -.It -has been updated to support ssh protocol 1.5. -.It -contains added support for -.Xr kerberos 8 -authentication and ticket passing. -.It -supports one-time password authentication with -.Xr skey 1 . -.El -.Pp -The libraries described in -.Xr ssl 8 -are required for proper operation. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr ssh 1 , -.Xr ssh-add 1 , -.Xr ssh-keygen 1 , -.Xr sshd 8 , -.Xr ssl 8 diff --git a/openssh-keygen.1 b/openssh-keygen.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 7daab9b2..00000000 --- a/openssh-keygen.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,155 +0,0 @@ -.\" -*- nroff -*- -.\" -.\" ssh-keygen.1 -.\" -.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen -.\" -.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen , Espoo, Finland -.\" All rights reserved -.\" -.\" Created: Sat Apr 22 23:55:14 1995 ylo -.\" -.\" $Id$ -.\" -.Dd September 25, 1999 -.Dt SSH-KEYGEN 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm ssh-keygen -.Nd authentication key generation -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm ssh-keygen -.Op Fl q -.Op Fl b Ar bits -.Op Fl N Ar new_passphrase -.Op Fl C Ar comment -.Nm ssh-keygen -.Fl p -.Op Fl P Ar old_passphrase -.Op Fl N Ar new_passphrase -.Nm ssh-keygen -.Fl c -.Op Fl P Ar passphrase -.Op Fl C Ar comment -.Sh DESCRIPTION -.Nm -generates and manages authentication keys for -.Xr ssh 1 . -Normally each user wishing to use SSH -with RSA authentication runs this once to create the authentication -key in -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity . -Additionally, the system administrator may use this to generate host keys. -.Pp -Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which -to store the private key. The public key is stored in a file with the -same name but -.Dq .pub -appended. The program also asks for a -passphrase. The passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase -(host keys must have empty passphrase), or it may be a string of -arbitrary length. Good passphrases are 10-30 characters long and are -not simple sentences or otherwise easily guessable (English -prose has only 1-2 bits of entropy per word, and provides very bad -passphrases). The passphrase can be changed later by using the -.Fl p -option. -.Pp -There is no way to recover a lost passphrase. If the passphrase is -lost or forgotten, you will have to generate a new key and copy the -corresponding public key to other machines. -.Pp -There is also a comment field in the key file that is only for -convenience to the user to help identify the key. The comment can -tell what the key is for, or whatever is useful. The comment is -initialized to -.Dq user@host -when the key is created, but can be changed using the -.Fl c -option. -.Pp -The options are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Fl b Ar bits -Specifies the number of bits in the key to create. Minimum is 512 -bits. Generally 1024 bits is considered sufficient, and key sizes -above that no longer improve security but make things slower. The -default is 1024 bits. -.It Fl c -Requests changing the comment in the private and public key files. -The program will prompt for the file containing the private keys, for -passphrase if the key has one, and for the new comment. -.It Fl p -Requests changing the passphrase of a private key file instead of -creating a new private key. The program will prompt for the file -containing the private key, for the old passphrase, and twice for the -new passphrase. -.It Fl q -Silence -.Nm ssh-keygen . -Used by -.Pa /etc/rc -when creating a new key. -.It Fl C Ar comment -Provides the new comment. -.It Fl N Ar new_passphrase -Provides the new passphrase. -.It Fl P Ar passphrase -Provides the (old) passphrase. -.El -.Sh FILES -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/random_seed -Used for seeding the random number generator. This file should not be -readable by anyone but the user. This file is created the first time -the program is run, and is updated every time. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity -Contains the RSA authentication identity of the user. This file -should not be readable by anyone but the user. It is possible to -specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be -used to encrypt the private part of this file using 3DES. This file -is not automatically accessed by -.Nm -but it is offered as the default file for the private key. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity.pub -Contains the public key for authentication. The contents of this file -should be added to -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys -on all machines -where you wish to log in using RSA authentication. There is no -need to keep the contents of this file secret. -.Sh AUTHOR -Tatu Ylonen -.Pp -OpenSSH -is a derivative of the original (free) ssh 1.2.12 release, but with bugs -removed and newer features re-added. Rapidly after the 1.2.12 release, -newer versions bore successively more restrictive licenses. This version -of OpenSSH -.Bl -bullet -.It -has all components of a restrictive nature (ie. patents, see -.Xr ssl 8 ) -directly removed from the source code; any licensed or patented components -are chosen from -external libraries. -.It -has been updated to support ssh protocol 1.5. -.It -contains added support for -.Xr kerberos 8 -authentication and ticket passing. -.It -supports one-time password authentication with -.Xr skey 1 . -.El -.Pp -The libraries described in -.Xr ssl 8 -are required for proper operation. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr ssh 1 , -.Xr ssh-add 1 , -.Xr ssh-agent 1, -.Xr sshd 8 , -.Xr ssl 8 diff --git a/openssh.1 b/openssh.1 deleted file mode 100644 index 3d2f182e..00000000 --- a/openssh.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,966 +0,0 @@ -.\" -*- nroff -*- -.\" -.\" ssh.1.in -.\" -.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen -.\" -.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen , Espoo, Finland -.\" All rights reserved -.\" -.\" Created: Sat Apr 22 21:55:14 1995 ylo -.\" -.\" $Id$ -.\" -.Dd September 25, 1999 -.Dt SSH 1 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm ssh -.Nd OpenSSH secure shell client (remote login program) -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm ssh -.Op Fl l Ar login_name -.Op Ar hostname | user@hostname -.Op Ar command -.Pp -.Nm ssh -.Op Fl afgknqtvxCPX -.Op Fl c Ar blowfish | 3des -.Op Fl e Ar escape_char -.Op Fl i Ar identity_file -.Op Fl l Ar login_name -.Op Fl o Ar option -.Op Fl p Ar port -.Oo Fl L Xo -.Sm off -.Ar host : -.Ar port : -.Ar hostport -.Sm on -.Xc -.Oc -.Oo Fl R Xo -.Sm off -.Ar host : -.Ar port : -.Ar hostport -.Sm on -.Xc -.Oc -.Op Ar hostname | user@hostname -.Op Ar command -.Sh DESCRIPTION -.Nm -(Secure Shell) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for -executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace -rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between -two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and -arbitrary TCP/IP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel. -.Pp -.Nm -connects and logs into the specified -.Ar hostname . -The user must prove -his/her identity to the remote machine using one of several methods. -.Pp -First, if the machine the user logs in from is listed in -.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv -or -.Pa /etc/openssh/shosts.equiv -on the remote machine, and the user names are -the same on both sides, the user is immediately permitted to log in. -Second, if -.Pa \&.rhosts -or -.Pa \&.shosts -exists in the user's home directory on the -remote machine and contains a line containing the name of the client -machine and the name of the user on that machine, the user is -permitted to log in. This form of authentication alone is normally not -allowed by the server because it is not secure. -.Pp -The second (and primary) authentication method is the -.Pa rhosts -or -.Pa hosts.equiv -method combined with RSA-based host authentication. It -means that if the login would be permitted by -.Pa \&.rhosts , -.Pa \&.shosts , -.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv , -or -.Pa /etc/openssh/shosts.equiv , -and if additionally the server can verify the client's -host key (see -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -in the -.Sx FILES -section), only then login is -permitted. This authentication method closes security holes due to IP -spoofing, DNS spoofing and routing spoofing. [Note to the -administrator: -.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv , -.Pa \&.rhosts , -and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be -disabled if security is desired.] -.Pp -As a third authentication method, -.Nm -supports RSA based authentication. -The scheme is based on public-key cryptography: there are cryptosystems -where encryption and decryption are done using separate keys, and it -is not possible to derive the decryption key from the encryption key. -RSA is one such system. The idea is that each user creates a public/private -key pair for authentication purposes. The -server knows the public key, and only the user knows the private key. -The file -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys -lists the public keys that are permitted for logging -in. When the user logs in, the -.Nm -program tells the server which key pair it would like to use for -authentication. The server checks if this key is permitted, and if -so, sends the user (actually the -.Nm -program running on behalf of the user) a challenge, a random number, -encrypted by the user's public key. The challenge can only be -decrypted using the proper private key. The user's client then decrypts the -challenge using the private key, proving that he/she knows the private -key but without disclosing it to the server. -.Pp -.Nm -implements the RSA authentication protocol automatically. The user -creates his/her RSA key pair by running -.Xr ssh-keygen 1 . -This stores the private key in -.Pa \&.ssh/identity -and the public key in -.Pa \&.ssh/identity.pub -in the user's home directory. The user should then -copy the -.Pa identity.pub -to -.Pa \&.ssh/authorized_keys -in his/her home directory on the remote machine (the -.Pa authorized_keys -file corresponds to the conventional -.Pa \&.rhosts -file, and has one key -per line, though the lines can be very long). After this, the user -can log in without giving the password. RSA authentication is much -more secure than rhosts authentication. -.Pp -The most convenient way to use RSA authentication may be with an -authentication agent. See -.Xr ssh-agent 1 -for more information. -.Pp -If other authentication methods fail, -.Nm -prompts the user for a password. The password is sent to the remote -host for checking; however, since all communications are encrypted, -the password cannot be seen by someone listening on the network. -.Pp -When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server -either executes the given command, or logs into the machine and gives -the user a normal shell on the remote machine. All communication with -the remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted. -.Pp -If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated (normal login session), the -user can disconnect with -.Ic ~. , -and suspend -.Nm -with -.Ic ~^Z . -All forwarded connections can be listed with -.Ic ~# -and if -the session blocks waiting for forwarded X11 or TCP/IP -connections to terminate, it can be backgrounded with -.Ic ~& -(this should not be used while the user shell is active, as it can cause the -shell to hang). All available escapes can be listed with -.Ic ~? . -.Pp -A single tilde character can be sent as -.Ic ~~ -(or by following the tilde by a character other than those described above). -The escape character must always follow a newline to be interpreted as -special. The escape character can be changed in configuration files -or on the command line. -.Pp -If no pseudo tty has been allocated, the -session is transparent and can be used to reliably transfer binary -data. On most systems, setting the escape character to -.Dq none -will also make the session transparent even if a tty is used. -.Pp -The session terminates when the command or shell in on the remote -machine exists and all X11 and TCP/IP connections have been closed. -The exit status of the remote program is returned as the exit status -of -.Nm ssh . -.Pp -If the user is using X11 (the -.Ev DISPLAY -environment variable is set), the connection to the X11 display is -automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any X11 -programs started from the shell (or command) will go through the -encrypted channel, and the connection to the real X server will be made -from the local machine. The user should not manually set -.Ev DISPLAY . -Forwarding of X11 connections can be -configured on the command line or in configuration files. -.Pp -The -.Ev DISPLAY -value set by -.Nm -will point to the server machine, but with a display number greater -than zero. This is normal, and happens because -.Nm -creates a -.Dq proxy -X server on the server machine for forwarding the -connections over the encrypted channel. -.Pp -.Nm -will also automatically set up Xauthority data on the server machine. -For this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie, -store it in Xauthority on the server, and verify that any forwarded -connections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when -the connection is opened. The real authentication cookie is never -sent to the server machine (and no cookies are sent in the plain). -.Pp -If the user is using an authentication agent, the connection to the agent -is automatically forwarded to the remote side unless disabled on -command line or in a configuration file. -.Pp -Forwarding of arbitrary TCP/IP connections over the secure channel can -be specified either on command line or in a configuration file. One -possible application of TCP/IP forwarding is a secure connection to an -electronic purse; another is going trough firewalls. -.Pp -.Nm -automatically maintains and checks a database containing RSA-based -identifications for all hosts it has ever been used with. The -database is stored in -.Pa \&.ssh/known_hosts -in the user's home directory. Additionally, the file -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -is automatically checked for known hosts. Any new hosts are -automatically added to the user's file. If a host's identification -ever changes, -.Nm -warns about this and disables password authentication to prevent a -trojan horse from getting the user's password. Another purpose of -this mechanism is to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks which could -otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption. The -.Cm StrictHostKeyChecking -option (see below) can be used to prevent logins to machines whose -host key is not known or has changed. -.Sh OPTIONS -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Fl a -Disables forwarding of the authentication agent connection. This may -also be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. -.It Fl c Ar blowfish|3des -Selects the cipher to use for encrypting the session. -.Ar 3des -is used by default. It is believed to be secure. -.Ar 3des -(triple-des) is an encrypt-decrypt-encrypt triple with three different keys. -It is presumably more secure than the -.Ar des -cipher which is no longer supported in ssh. -.Ar blowfish -is a fast block cipher, it appears very secure and is much faster than -.Ar 3des . -.It Fl e Ar ch|^ch|none -Sets the escape character for sessions with a pty (default: -.Ql ~ ) . -The escape character is only recognized at the beginning of a line. The -escape character followed by a dot -.Pq Ql \&. -closes the connection, followed -by control-Z suspends the connection, and followed by itself sends the -escape character once. Setting the character to -.Dq none -disables any escapes and makes the session fully transparent. -.It Fl f -Requests -.Nm -to go to background after authentication. This is useful -if -.Nm -is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user -wants it in the background. This implies -.Fl n . -The recommended way to start X11 programs at a remote site is with -something like -.Ic ssh -f host xterm . -.It Fl i Ar identity_file -Selects the file from which the identity (private key) for -RSA authentication is read. Default is -.Pa \&.ssh/identity -in the user's home directory. Identity files may also be specified on -a per-host basis in the configuration file. It is possible to have -multiple -.Fl i -options (and multiple identities specified in -configuration files). -.It Fl g -Allows remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports. -.It Fl k -Disables forwarding of Kerberos tickets and AFS tokens. This may -also be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. -.It Fl l Ar login_name -Specifies the user to log in as on the remote machine. This may also -be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. -.It Fl n -Redirects stdin from -.Pa /dev/null -(actually, prevents reading from stdin). -This must be used when -.Nm -is run in the background. A common trick is to use this to run X11 -programs in a remote machine. For example, -.Ic ssh -n shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs & -will start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11 -connection will be automatically forwarded over an encrypted channel. -The -.Nm -program will be put in the background. -(This does not work if -.Nm -needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the -.Fl f -option.) -.It Fl o Ar option -Can be used to give options in the format used in the config file. -This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate -command-line flag. The option has the same format as a line in the -configuration file. -.It Fl p Ar port -Port to connect to on the remote host. This can be specified on a -per-host basis in the configuration file. -.It Fl P -Use a non-privileged port for outgoing connections. -This can be used if your firewall does -not permit connections from privileged ports. -Note that this option turns of -.Cm RhostsAuthentication -and -.Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication . -.It Fl q -Quiet mode. Causes all warning and diagnostic messages to be -suppressed. Only fatal errors are displayed. -.It Fl t -Force pseudo-tty allocation. This can be used to execute arbitary -screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be very useful -e.g. when implementing menu services. -.It Fl v -Verbose mode. Causes -.Nm -to print debugging messages about its progress. This is helpful in -debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems. -The verbose mode is also used to display -.Xr skey 1 -challenges, if the user entered "s/key" as password. -.It Fl x -Disables X11 forwarding. This can also be specified on a per-host -basis in a configuration file. -.It Fl X -Enables X11 forwarding. -.It Fl C -Requests compression of all data (including stdin, stdout, stderr, and -data for forwarded X11 and TCP/IP connections). The compression -algorithm is the same used by gzip, and the -.Dq level -can be controlled by the -.Cm CompressionLevel -option (see below). Compression is desirable on modem lines and other -slow connections, but will only slow down things on fast networks. -The default value can be set on a host-by-host basis in the -configuration files; see the -.Cm Compress -option below. -.It Fl L Ar port:host:hostport -Specifies that the given port on the local (client) host is to be -forwarded to the given host and port on the remote side. This works -by allocating a socket to listen to -.Ar port -on the local side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the -connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is -made to -.Ar host:hostport -from the remote machine. Port forwardings can also be specified in the -configuration file. Only root can forward privileged ports. -.It Fl R Ar port:host:hostport -Specifies that the given port on the remote (server) host is to be -forwarded to the given host and port on the local side. This works -by allocating a socket to listen to -.Ar port -on the remote side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the -connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is -made to -.Ar host:hostport -from the local machine. Port forwardings can also be specified in the -configuration file. Privileged ports can be forwarded only when -logging in as root on the remote machine. -.El -.Sh CONFIGURATION FILES -.Nm -obtains configuration data from the following sources (in this order): -command line options, user's configuration file -.Pq Pa $HOME/.ssh/config , -and system-wide configuration file -.Pq Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_config . -For each parameter, the first obtained value -will be used. The configuration files contain sections bracketed by -"Host" specifications, and that section is only applied for hosts that -match one of the patterns given in the specification. The matched -host name is the one given on the command line. -.Pp -Since the first obtained value for each parameter is used, more -host-specific declarations should be given near the beginning of the -file, and general defaults at the end. -.Pp -The configuration file has the following format: -.Pp -Empty lines and lines starting with -.Ql # -are comments. -.Pp -Otherwise a line is of the format -.Dq keyword arguments . -The possible -keywords and their meanings are as follows (note that the -configuration files are case-sensitive): -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Cm Host -Restricts the following declarations (up to the next -.Cm Host -keyword) to be only for those hosts that match one of the patterns -given after the keyword. -.Ql \&* -and -.Ql ? -can be used as wildcards in the -patterns. A single -.Ql \&* -as a pattern can be used to provide global -defaults for all hosts. The host is the -.Ar hostname -argument given on the command line (i.e., the name is not converted to -a canonicalized host name before matching). -.It Cm AFSTokenPassing -Specifies whether to pass AFS tokens to remote host. The argument to -this keyword must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm BatchMode -If set to -.Dq yes , -passphrase/password querying will be disabled. This -option is useful in scripts and other batch jobs where you have no -user to supply the password. The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm Cipher -Specifies the cipher to use for encrypting the session. Currently, -.Dq blowfish , -and -.Dq 3des -are supported. The default is -.Dq 3des . -.It Cm Compression -Specifies whether to use compression. The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm CompressionLevel -Specifies the compression level to use if compression is enable. The -argument must be an integer from 1 (fast) to 9 (slow, best). The -default level is 6, which is good for most applications. The meaning -of the values is the same as in GNU GZIP. -.It Cm ConnectionAttempts -Specifies the number of tries (one per second) to make before falling -back to rsh or exiting. The argument must be an integer. This may be -useful in scripts if the connection sometimes fails. -.It Cm EscapeChar -Sets the escape character (default: -.Ql ~ ) . -The escape character can also -be set on the command line. The argument should be a single -character, -.Ql ^ -followed by a letter, or -.Dq none -to disable the escape -character entirely (making the connection transparent for binary -data). -.It Cm FallBackToRsh -Specifies that if connecting via -.Nm -fails due to a connection refused error (there is no -.Xr sshd 8 -listening on the remote host), -.Xr rsh 1 -should automatically be used instead (after a suitable warning about -the session being unencrypted). The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm ForwardAgent -Specifies whether the connection to the authentication agent (if any) -will be forwarded to the remote machine. The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm ForwardX11 -Specifies whether X11 connections will be automatically redirected -over the secure channel and -.Ev DISPLAY -set. The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm GatewayPorts -Specifies whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to local -forwarded ports. -The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -The default is -.Dq no . -.It Cm GlobalKnownHostsFile -Specifies a file to use instead of -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts . -.It Cm HostName -Specifies the real host name to log into. This can be used to specify -nicnames or abbreviations for hosts. Default is the name given on the -command line. Numeric IP addresses are also permitted (both on the -command line and in -.Cm HostName -specifications). -.It Cm IdentityFile -Specifies the file from which the user's RSA authentication identity -is read (default -.Pa .ssh/identity -in the user's home directory). -Additionally, any identities represented by the authentication agent -will be used for authentication. The file name may use the tilde -syntax to refer to a user's home directory. It is possible to have -multiple identity files specified in configuration files; all these -identities will be tried in sequence. -.It Cm KeepAlive -Specifies whether the system should send keepalive messages to the -other side. If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one -of the machines will be properly noticed. However, this means that -connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people -find it annoying. -.Pp -The default is -.Dq yes -(to send keepalives), and the client will notice -if the network goes down or the remote host dies. This is important -in scripts, and many users want it too. -.Pp -To disable keepalives, the value should be set to -.Dq no -in both the server and the client configuration files. -.It Cm KerberosAuthentication -Specifies whether Kerberos authentication will be used. The argument to -this keyword must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm KerberosTgtPassing -Specifies whether a Kerberos TGT will be forwarded to the server. This -will only work if the Kerberos server is actually an AFS kaserver. The -argument to this keyword must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm LocalForward -Specifies that a TCP/IP port on the local machine be forwarded over -the secure channel to given host:port from the remote machine. The -first argument must be a port number, and the second must be -host:port. Multiple forwardings may be specified, and additional -forwardings can be given on the command line. Only the root can -forward privileged ports. -.It Cm PasswordAuthentication -Specifies whether to use password authentication. The argument to -this keyword must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm NumberOfPasswordPrompts -Specifies the number of password prompts before giving up. The -argument to this keyword must be an integer. Default is 3. -.It Cm Port -Specifies the port number to connect on the remote host. Default is -22. -.It Cm ProxyCommand -Specifies the command to use to connect to the server. The command -string extends to the end of the line, and is executed with /bin/sh. -In the command string, %h will be substituted by the host name to -connect and %p by the port. The command can be basically anything, -and should read from its stdin and write to its stdout. It should -eventually connect an -.Xr sshd 8 -server running on some machine, or execute -.Ic sshd -i -somewhere. Host key management will be done using the -HostName of the host being connected (defaulting to the name typed by -the user). -.Pp -.It Cm RemoteForward -Specifies that a TCP/IP port on the remote machine be forwarded over -the secure channel to given host:port from the local machine. The -first argument must be a port number, and the second must be -host:port. Multiple forwardings may be specified, and additional -forwardings can be given on the command line. Only the root can -forward privileged ports. -.It Cm RhostsAuthentication -Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication. Note that this -declaration only affects the client side and has no effect whatsoever -on security. Disabling rhosts authentication may reduce -authentication time on slow connections when rhosts authentication is -not used. Most servers do not permit RhostsAuthentication because it -is not secure (see RhostsRSAAuthentication). The argument to this -keyword must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication -Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication with RSA host -authentication. This is the primary authentication method for most -sites. The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm RSAAuthentication -Specifies whether to try RSA authentication. The argument to this -keyword must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -RSA authentication will only be -attempted if the identity file exists, or an authentication agent is -running. -.It Cm CheckHostIP -If this flag is set to -.Dq yes , -ssh will additionally check the host ip address in the -.Pa known_hosts -file. This allows ssh to detect if a host key changed due to DNS spoofing. -If the option is set to -.Dq no , -the check will not be executed. -.It Cm StrictHostKeyChecking -If this flag is set to -.Dq yes , -.Nm -ssh will never automatically add host keys to the -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts -file, and refuses to connect hosts whose host key has changed. This -provides maximum protection against trojan horse attacks. However, it -can be somewhat annoying if you don't have good -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -files installed and frequently -connect new hosts. Basically this option forces the user to manually -add any new hosts. Normally this option is disabled, and new hosts -will automatically be added to the known host files. The host keys of -known hosts will be verified automatically in either case. The -argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.It Cm User -Specifies the user to log in as. This can be useful if you have a -different user name in different machines. This saves the trouble of -having to remember to give the user name on the command line. -.It Cm UserKnownHostsFile -Specifies a file to use instead of -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts . -.It Cm UsePrivilegedPort -Specifies whether to use a privileged port for outgoing connections. -The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -The default is -.Dq yes . -Note that setting this option to -.Dq no -turns of -.Cm RhostsAuthentication -and -.Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication . -.It Cm UseRsh -Specifies that rlogin/rsh should be used for this host. It is -possible that the host does not at all support the -.Nm -protocol. This causes -.Nm -to immediately exec -.Xr rsh 1 . -All other options (except -.Cm HostName ) -are ignored if this has been specified. The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -.Sh ENVIRONMENT -.Nm -will normally set the following environment variables: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Ev DISPLAY -The -.Ev DISPLAY -variable indicates the location of the X11 server. It is -automatically set by -.Nm -to point to a value of the form -.Dq hostname:n -where hostname indicates -the host where the shell runs, and n is an integer >= 1. Ssh uses -this special value to forward X11 connections over the secure -channel. The user should normally not set DISPLAY explicitly, as that -will render the X11 connection insecure (and will require the user to -manually copy any required authorization cookies). -.It Ev HOME -Set to the path of the user's home directory. -.It Ev LOGNAME -Synonym for -.Ev USER ; -set for compatibility with systems that use this variable. -.It Ev MAIL -Set to point the user's mailbox. -.It Ev PATH -Set to the default -.Ev PATH , -as specified when compiling -.Nm ssh . -.It Ev SSH_AUTH_SOCK -indicates the path of a unix-domain socket used to communicate with the -agent. -.It Ev SSH_CLIENT -Identifies the client end of the connection. The variable contains -three space-separated values: client ip-address, client port number, -and server port number. -.It Ev SSH_TTY -This is set to the name of the tty (path to the device) associated -with the current shell or command. If the current session has no tty, -this variable is not set. -.It Ev TZ -The timezone variable is set to indicate the present timezone if it -was set when the daemon was started (e.i., the daemon passes the value -on to new connections). -.It Ev USER -Set to the name of the user logging in. -.El -.Pp -Additionally, -.Nm -reads -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment , -and adds lines of the format -.Dq VARNAME=value -to the environment. -.Sh FILES -.Bl -tag -width $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts -Records host keys for all hosts the user has logged into (that are not -in -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts ) . -See -.Xr sshd 8 . -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/random_seed -Used for seeding the random number generator. This file contains -sensitive data and should read/write for the user and not accessible -for others. This file is created the first time the program is run -and updated automatically. The user should never need to read or -modify this file. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity -Contains the RSA authentication identity of the user. This file -contains sensitive data and should be readable by the user but not -accessible by others (read/write/execute). -Note that -.Nm -ignores this file if it is accessible by others. -It is possible to specify a passphrase when -generating the key; the passphrase will be used to encrypt the -sensitive part of this file using 3DES. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity.pub -Contains the public key for authentication (public part of the -identity file in human-readable form). The contents of this file -should be added to -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys -on all machines -where you wish to log in using RSA authentication. This file is not -sensitive and can (but need not) be readable by anyone. This file is -never used automatically and is not necessary; it is only provided for -the convenience of the user. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/config -This is the per-user configuration file. The format of this file is -described above. This file is used by the -.Nm -client. This file does not usually contain any sensitive information, -but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not -accessible by others. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys -Lists the RSA keys that can be used for logging in as this user. The -format of this file is described in the -.Xr sshd 8 -manual page. In the simplest form the format is the same as the .pub -identity files (that is, each line contains the number of bits in -modulus, public exponent, modulus, and comment fields, separated by -spaces). This file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended -permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -Systemwide list of known host keys. This file should be prepared by the -system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the -organization. This file should be world-readable. This file contains -public keys, one per line, in the following format (fields separated -by spaces): system name, number of bits in modulus, public exponent, -modulus, and optional comment field. When different names are used -for the same machine, all such names should be listed, separated by -commas. The format is described on the -.Xr sshd 8 -manual page. -.Pp -The canonical system name (as returned by name servers) is used by -.Xr sshd 8 -to verify the client host when logging in; other names are needed because -.Nm -does not convert the user-supplied name to a canonical name before -checking the key, because someone with access to the name servers -would then be able to fool host authentication. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_config -Systemwide configuration file. This file provides defaults for those -values that are not specified in the user's configuration file, and -for those users who do not have a configuration file. This file must -be world-readable. -.It Pa $HOME/.rhosts -This file is used in -.Pa \&.rhosts -authentication to list the -host/user pairs that are permitted to log in. (Note that this file is -also used by rlogin and rsh, which makes using this file insecure.) -Each line of the file contains a host name (in the canonical form -returned by name servers), and then a user name on that host, -separated by a space. One some machines this file may need to be -world-readable if the user's home directory is on a NFS partition, -because -.Xr sshd 8 -reads it as root. Additionally, this file must be owned by the user, -and must not have write permissions for anyone else. The recommended -permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not -accessible by others. -.Pp -Note that by default -.Xr sshd 8 -will be installed so that it requires successful RSA host -authentication before permitting \s+2.\s0rhosts authentication. If your -server machine does not have the client's host key in -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts , -you can store it in -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts . -The easiest way to do this is to -connect back to the client from the server machine using ssh; this -will automatically add the host key inxi -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts . -.It Pa $HOME/.shosts -This file is used exactly the same way as -.Pa \&.rhosts . -The purpose for -having this file is to be able to use rhosts authentication with -.Nm -without permitting login with -.Xr rlogin 1 -or -.Xr rsh 1 . -.It Pa /etc/hosts.equiv -This file is used during -.Pa \&.rhosts authentication. It contains -canonical hosts names, one per line (the full format is described on -the -.Xr sshd 8 -manual page). If the client host is found in this file, login is -automatically permitted provided client and server user names are the -same. Additionally, successful RSA host authentication is normally -required. This file should only be writable by root. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/shosts.equiv -This file is processed exactly as -.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv . -This file may be useful to permit logins using -.Nm -but not using rsh/rlogin. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/sshrc -Commands in this file are executed by -.Nm -when the user logs in just before the user's shell (or command) is started. -See the -.Xr sshd 8 -manual page for more information. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc -Commands in this file are executed by -.Nm -when the user logs in just before the user's shell (or command) is -started. -See the -.Xr sshd 8 -manual page for more information. -.It Pa libcrypto.so.X.1 -A version of this library which includes support for the RSA algorithm -is required for proper operation. -.Sh AUTHOR -Tatu Ylonen -.Pp -Issues can be found from the SSH WWW home page: -.Pp -.Dl http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh -.Pp -OpenSSH -is a derivative of the original (free) ssh 1.2.12 release, but with bugs -removed and newer features re-added. Rapidly after the 1.2.12 release, -newer versions bore successively more restrictive licenses. This version -of OpenSSH -.Bl -bullet -.It -has all components of a restrictive nature (ie. patents, see -.Xr ssl 8 ) -directly removed from the source code; any licensed or patented components -are chosen from -external libraries. -.It -has been updated to support ssh protocol 1.5. -.It -contains added support for -.Xr kerberos 8 -authentication and ticket passing. -.It -supports one-time password authentication with -.Xr skey 1 . -.El -.Pp -The libraries described in -.Xr ssl 8 -are required for proper operation. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr rlogin 1 , -.Xr rsh 1 , -.Xr scp 1 , -.Xr ssh-add 1 , -.Xr ssh-agent 1 , -.Xr ssh-keygen 1 , -.Xr telnet 1 , -.Xr sshd 8 , -.Xr ssl 8 diff --git a/openssh.spec b/openssh.spec index 5775cb41..99029364 100644 --- a/openssh.spec +++ b/openssh.spec @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ patented algorithms to seperate libraries (OpenSSL). %build -./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc/openssh +./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc/ssh make OPT_FLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS" %install @@ -41,71 +41,53 @@ mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/sbin mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/rc.d/init.d mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/pam.d -mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/openssh +mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/ssh mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man8 -install -m644 opensshd.pam $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/pam.d/opensshd -install -m755 opensshd.init $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/rc.d/init.d/opensshd -install -m600 ssh_config $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/openssh/ssh_config -install -m600 sshd_config $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/openssh/sshd_config - -install -s -m755 bin/opensshd $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/sbin -install -s -m755 bin/openssh $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin -install -s -m755 bin/openscp $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin -install -s -m755 bin/openssh-agent $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin -install -s -m755 bin/openssh-add $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin -install -s -m755 bin/openssh-keygen $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin - -install -m644 opensshd.8 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man8 -install -m644 openssh.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 -install -m644 openscp.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 -install -m644 openssh-agent.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 -install -m644 openssh-add.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 -install -m644 openssh-keygen.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 - -# Install compatibility symlinks -cd $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/sbin -ln -s opensshd sshd -cd $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin -ln -s openssh ssh -ln -s openscp scp -ln -s openssh-agent ssh-agent -ln -s openssh-add ssh-add -ln -s openssh-keygen ssh-keygen +install -m644 sshd.pam $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/pam.d/sshd +install -m755 sshd.init $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd +install -m600 ssh_config $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/ssh/ssh_config +install -m600 sshd_config $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/ssh/sshd_config + +install -s -m755 bin/sshd $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/sbin +install -s -m755 bin/ssh $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin +install -s -m755 bin/scp $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin +install -s -m755 bin/ssh-agent $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin +install -s -m755 bin/ssh-add $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin +install -s -m755 bin/ssh-keygen $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin + +install -m644 sshd.8 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man8 +install -m644 ssh.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 +install -m644 scp.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 +install -m644 ssh-agent.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 +install -m644 ssh-add.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 +install -m644 ssh-keygen.1 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/man/man1 %clean rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT %post -/sbin/chkconfig --add opensshd -if [ ! -f /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key -o ! -s /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key ]; then - /usr/bin/openssh-keygen -b 1024 -f /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key -N '' >&2 +/sbin/chkconfig --add sshd +if [ ! -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key -o ! -s /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key ]; then + /usr/bin/ssh-keygen -b 1024 -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key -N '' >&2 fi -if test -r /var/run/opensshd.pid +if test -r /var/run/sshd.pid then - /etc/rc.d/init.d/opensshd restart >&2 + /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd restart >&2 fi %preun if [ "$1" = 0 ] then - /etc/rc.d/init.d/opensshd stop >&2 - /sbin/chkconfig --del opensshd + /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd stop >&2 + /sbin/chkconfig --del sshd fi %files %defattr(-,root,root) %doc COPYING.Ylonen ChangeLog ChangeLog.Ylonen OVERVIEW %doc README README.openssh -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/sbin/opensshd -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/openssh -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/openssh-agent -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/openssh-keygen -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/openssh-add -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/openscp - -# Symlinks %attr(0755,root,root) /usr/sbin/sshd %attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/ssh %attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/ssh-agent @@ -113,15 +95,15 @@ fi %attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/ssh-add %attr(0755,root,root) /usr/bin/scp -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man8/opensshd.8 -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/openssh.1 -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/openssh-agent.1 -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/openssh-keygen.1 -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/openssh-add.1 -%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/openscp.1 - -%attr(0600,root,root) %config /etc/openssh/sshd_config -%attr(0600,root,root) %config /etc/pam.d/opensshd -%attr(0755,root,root) %config /etc/rc.d/init.d/opensshd -%attr(0644,root,root) %config /etc/openssh/ssh_config +%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man8/sshd.8 +%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/ssh.1 +%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/ssh-agent.1 +%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/ssh-keygen.1 +%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/ssh-add.1 +%attr(0755,root,root) /usr/man/man1/scp.1 + +%attr(0600,root,root) %config /etc/ssh/sshd_config +%attr(0600,root,root) %config /etc/pam.d/sshd +%attr(0755,root,root) %config /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd +%attr(0644,root,root) %config /etc/ssh/ssh_config diff --git a/opensshd.8 b/opensshd.8 deleted file mode 100644 index d330ffc1..00000000 --- a/opensshd.8 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,781 +0,0 @@ -.\" -*- nroff -*- -.\" -.\" sshd.8.in -.\" -.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen -.\" -.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen , Espoo, Finland -.\" All rights reserved -.\" -.\" Created: Sat Apr 22 21:55:14 1995 ylo -.\" -.\" $Id$ -.\" -.Dd September 25, 1999 -.Dt SSHD 8 -.Os -.Sh NAME -.Nm sshd -.Nd secure shell daemon -.Sh SYNOPSIS -.Nm sshd -.Op Fl diq -.Op Fl b Ar bits -.Op Fl f Ar config_file -.Op Fl g Ar login_grace_time -.Op Fl h Ar host_key_file -.Op Fl k Ar key_gen_time -.Op Fl p Ar port -.Sh DESCRIPTION -.Nm -(Secure Shell Daemon) is the daemon program for -.Xr ssh 1 . -Together these programs replace rlogin and rsh programs, and -provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts -over an insecure network. The programs are intended to be as easy to -install and use as possible. -.Pp -.Nm -is the daemon that listens for connections from clients. It is -normally started at boot from -.Pa /etc/rc . -It forks a new -daemon for each incoming connection. The forked daemons handle -key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution, -and data exchange. -.Pp -.Nm -works as follows. Each host has a host-specific RSA key -(normally 1024 bits) used to identify the host. Additionally, when -the daemon starts, it generates a server RSA key (normally 768 bits). -This key is normally regenerated every hour if it has been used, and -is never stored on disk. -.Pp -Whenever a client connects the daemon, the daemon sends its host -and server public keys to the client. The client compares the -host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed. -The client then generates a 256 bit random number. It encrypts this -random number using both the host key and the server key, and sends -the encrypted number to the server. Both sides then start to use this -random number as a session key which is used to encrypt all further -communications in the session. The rest of the session is encrypted -using a conventional cipher, currently Blowfish and 3DES, with 3DES -being is used by default. The client selects the encryption algorithm -to use from those offered by the server. -.Pp -Next, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog. The -client tries to authenticate itself using -.Pa .rhosts -authentication, -.Pa .rhosts -authentication combined with RSA host -authentication, RSA challenge-response authentication, or password -based authentication. -.Pp -Rhosts authentication is normally disabled -because it is fundamentally insecure, but can be enabled in the server -configuration file if desired. System security is not improved unless -.Xr rshd 8 , -.Xr rlogind 8 , -.Xr rexecd 8 , -and -.Xr rexd 8 -are disabled (thus completely disabling -.Xr rlogin 1 -and -.Xr rsh 1 -into that machine). -.Pp -If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for -preparing the session is entered. At this time the client may request -things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections, -forwarding TCP/IP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent -connection over the secure channel. -.Pp -Finally, the client either requests a shell or execution of a command. -The sides then enter session mode. In this mode, either side may send -data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or -command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side. -.Pp -When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other -connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to -the client, and both sides exit. -.Pp -.Nm -can be configured using command-line options or a configuration -file. Command-line options override values specified in the -configuration file. -.Pp -The options are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Fl b Ar bits -Specifies the number of bits in the server key (default 768). -.Pp -.It Fl d -Debug mode. The server sends verbose debug output to the system -log, and does not put itself in the background. The server also will -not fork and will only process one connection. This option is only -intended for debugging for the server. -.It Fl f Ar configuration_file -Specifies the name of the configuration file. The default is -.Pa /etc/openssh/sshd_config . -.Nm -refuses to start if there is no configuration file. -.It Fl g Ar login_grace_time -Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default -300 seconds). If the client fails to authenticate the user within -this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits. A value of zero -indicates no limit. -.It Fl h Ar host_key_file -Specifies the file from which the host key is read (default -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key ) . -This option must be given if -.Nm -is not run as root (as the normal -host file is normally not readable by anyone but root). -.It Fl i -Specifies that -.Nm -is being run from inetd. -.Nm -is normally not run -from inetd because it needs to generate the server key before it can -respond to the client, and this may take tens of seconds. Clients -would have to wait too long if the key was regenerated every time. -However, with small key sizes (e.g. 512) using -.Nm -from inetd may -be feasible. -.It Fl k Ar key_gen_time -Specifies how often the server key is regenerated (default 3600 -seconds, or one hour). The motivation for regenerating the key fairly -often is that the key is not stored anywhere, and after about an hour, -it becomes impossible to recover the key for decrypting intercepted -communications even if the machine is cracked into or physically -seized. A value of zero indicates that the key will never be regenerated. -.It Fl p Ar port -Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections -(default 22). -.It Fl q -Quiet mode. Nothing is sent to the system log. Normally the beginning, -authentication, and termination of each connection is logged. -.It Fl Q -Do not print an error message if RSA support is missing. -.El -.Sh CONFIGURATION FILE -.Nm -reads configuration data from -.Pa /etc/openssh/sshd_config -(or the file specified with -.Fl f -on the command line). The file -contains keyword-value pairs, one per line. Lines starting with -.Ql # -and empty lines are interpreted as comments. -.Pp -The following keywords are possible. -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Cm AFSTokenPassing -Specifies whether an AFS token may be forwarded to the server. Default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm AllowGroups -This keyword can be followed by a number of group names, separated -by spaces. If specified, login is allowed only for users whose primary -group matches one of the patterns. -.Ql \&* -and -.Ql ? -can be used as -wildcards in the patterns. Only group names are valid, a numerical group -id isn't recognized. By default login is allowed regardless of -the primary group. -.Pp -.It Cm AllowUsers -This keyword can be followed by a number of user names, separated -by spaces. If specified, login is allowed only for users names that -match one of the patterns. -.Ql \&* -and -.Ql ? -can be used as -wildcards in the patterns. Only user names are valid, a numerical user -id isn't recognized. By default login is allowed regardless of -the user name. -.Pp -.It Cm CheckMail -Specifies whether -.Nm -should check for new mail for interactive logins. -The default is -.Dq no . -.It Cm DenyGroups -This keyword can be followed by a number of group names, separated -by spaces. Users whose primary group matches one of the patterns -aren't allowed to log in. -.Ql \&* -and -.Ql ? -can be used as -wildcards in the patterns. Only group names are valid, a numerical group -id isn't recognized. By default login is allowed regardless of -the primary group. -.Pp -.It Cm DenyUsers -This keyword can be followed by a number of user names, separated -by spaces. Login is allowed disallowed for user names that match -one of the patterns. -.Ql \&* -and -.Ql ? -can be used as -wildcards in the patterns. Only user names are valid, a numerical user -id isn't recognized. By default login is allowed regardless of -the user name. -.Pp -.It Cm FascistLogging -Specifies whether to use verbose logging. Verbose logging violates -the privacy of users and is not recommended. The argument must be -.Dq yes -or -.Dq no . -The default is -.Dq no . -.It Cm HostKey -Specifies the file containing the private host key (default -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key ) . -Note that -.Nm -does not start if this file is group/world-accessible. -.It Cm IgnoreRhosts -Specifies that rhosts and shosts files will not be used in -authentication. -.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv -and -.Pa /etc/openssh/shosts.equiv -are still used. The default is -.Dq no . -.It Cm KeepAlive -Specifies whether the system should send keepalive messages to the -other side. If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one -of the machines will be properly noticed. However, this means that -connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people -find it annoying. On the other hand, if keepalives are not send, -sessions may hang indefinitely on the server, leaving -.Dq ghost -users and consuming server resources. -.Pp -The default is -.Dq yes -(to send keepalives), and the server will notice -if the network goes down or the client host reboots. This avoids -infinitely hanging sessions. -.Pp -To disable keepalives, the value should be set to -.Dq no -in both the server and the client configuration files. -.It Cm KerberosAuthentication -Specifies whether Kerberos authentication is allowed. This can -be in the form of a Kerberos ticket, or if -.Cm PasswordAuthentication -is yes, the password provided by the user will be validated through -the Kerberos KDC. Default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm KerberosOrLocalPasswd -If set then if password authentication through Kerberos fails then -the password will be validated via any additional local mechanism -such as -.Pa /etc/passwd -or SecurID. Default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm KerberosTgtPassing -Specifies whether a Kerberos TGT may be forwarded to the server. -Default is -.Dq no , -as this only works when the Kerberos KDC is actually an AFS kaserver. -.It Cm KerberosTicketCleanup -Specifies whether to automatically destroy the user's ticket cache -file on logout. Default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm KeyRegenerationInterval -The server key is automatically regenerated after this many seconds -(if it has been used). The purpose of regeneration is to prevent -decrypting captured sessions by later breaking into the machine and -stealing the keys. The key is never stored anywhere. If the value is -0, the key is never regenerated. The default is 3600 -(seconds). -.It Cm ListenAddress -Specifies what local address -.Nm -should listen on. -The default is to listen to all local addresses. -.It Cm LoginGraceTime -The server disconnects after this time if the user has not -successfully logged in. If the value is 0, there is no time limit. -The default is 600 (seconds). -.It Cm PasswordAuthentication -Specifies whether password authentication is allowed. -The default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm PermitEmptyPasswords -When password authentication is allowed, it specifies whether the -server allows login to accounts with empty password strings. The default -is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm PermitRootLogin -Specifies whether the root can log in using -.Xr ssh 1 . -The argument must be -.Dq yes , -.Dq without-password -or -.Dq no . -The default is -.Dq yes . -If this options is set to -.Dq without-password -only password authentication is disabled for root. -.Pp -Root login with RSA authentication when the -.Ar command -option has been -specified will be allowed regardless of the value of this setting -(which may be useful for taking remote backups even if root login is -normally not allowed). -.It Cm Port -Specifies the port number that -.Nm -listens on. The default is 22. -.It Cm PrintMotd -Specifies whether -.Nm -should print -.Pa /etc/motd -when a user logs in interactively. (On some systems it is also -printed by the shell, -.Pa /etc/profile , -or equivalent.) The default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm QuietMode -Specifies whether the system runs in quiet mode. In quiet mode, -nothing is logged in the system log, except fatal errors. The default -is -.Dq no . -.It Cm RandomSeed -Obsolete. Random number generation uses other techniques. -.It Cm RhostsAuthentication -Specifies whether authentication using rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv -files is sufficient. Normally, this method should not be permitted -because it is insecure. -.Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication -should be used -instead, because it performs RSA-based host authentication in addition -to normal rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication. -The default is -.Dq no . -.It Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication -Specifies whether rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication together -with successful RSA host authentication is allowed. The default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm RSAAuthentication -Specifies whether pure RSA authentication is allowed. The default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm ServerKeyBits -Defines the number of bits in the server key. The minimum value is -512, and the default is 768. -.It Cm SkeyAuthentication -Specifies whether -.Xr skey 1 -authentication is allowed. The default is -.Dq yes . -Note that s/key authentication is enabled only if -.Cm PasswordAuthentication -is allowed, too. -.It Cm StrictModes -Specifies whether -.Nm -should check file modes and ownership of the -user's files and home directory before accepting login. This -is normally desirable because novices sometimes accidentally leave their -directory or files world-writable. The default is -.Dq yes . -.It Cm SyslogFacility -Gives the facility code that is used when logging messages from -.Nm sshd . -The possible values are: DAEMON, USER, AUTH, LOCAL0, LOCAL1, LOCAL2, -LOCAL3, LOCAL4, LOCAL5, LOCAL6, LOCAL7. The default is AUTH. -.It Cm UseLogin -Specifies whether -.Xr login 1 -is used. The default is -.Dq no . -.It Cm X11Forwarding -Specifies whether X11 forwarding is permitted. The default is -.Dq yes . -Note that disabling X11 forwarding does not improve security in any -way, as users can always install their own forwarders. -.It Cm X11DisplayOffset -Specifies the first display number available for -.Nm sshd Ns 's -X11 forwarding. This prevents -.Nm -from interfering with real X11 servers. -.El -.Sh LOGIN PROCESS -When a user successfully logs in, -.Nm -does the following: -.Bl -enum -offset indent -.It -If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified, -prints last login time and -.Pa /etc/motd -(unless prevented in the configuration file or by -.Pa $HOME/.hushlogin ; -see the -.Sx FILES -section). -.It -If the login is on a tty, records login time. -.It -Checks -.Pa /etc/nologin ; -if it exists, prints contents and quits -(unless root). -.It -Changes to run with normal user privileges. -.It -Sets up basic environment. -.It -Reads -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment -if it exists. -.It -Changes to user's home directory. -.It -If -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc -exists, runs it; else if -.Pa /etc/openssh/sshrc -exists, runs -it; otherwise runs xauth. The -.Dq rc -files are given the X11 -authentication protocol and cookie in standard input. -.It -Runs user's shell or command. -.El -.Sh AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT -The -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys -file lists the RSA keys that are -permitted for RSA authentication. Each line of the file contains one -key (empty lines and lines starting with a -.Ql # -are ignored as -comments). Each line consists of the following fields, separated by -spaces: options, bits, exponent, modulus, comment. The options field -is optional; its presence is determined by whether the line starts -with a number or not (the option field never starts with a number). -The bits, exponent, modulus and comment fields give the RSA key; the -comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the -user to identify the key). -.Pp -Note that lines in this file are usually several hundred bytes long -(because of the size of the RSA key modulus). You don't want to type -them in; instead, copy the -.Pa identity.pub -file and edit it. -.Pp -The options (if present) consists of comma-separated option -specifications. No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes. -The following option specifications are supported: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Cm from="pattern-list" -Specifies that in addition to RSA authentication, the canonical name -of the remote host must be present in the comma-separated list of -patterns ('*' and '?' serve as wildcards). The list may also contain -patterns negated by prefixing them with '!'; if the canonical host -name matches a negated pattern, the key is not accepted. The purpose -of this option is to optionally increase security: RSA authentication -by itself does not trust the network or name servers or anything (but -the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key -permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world. This -additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name -servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to -just the key). -.It Cm command="command" -Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for -authentication. The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored. -The command is run on a pty if the connection requests a pty; -otherwise it is run without a tty. A quote may be included in the -command by quoting it with a backslash. This option might be useful -to restrict certain RSA keys to perform just a specific operation. An -example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing -else. Notice that the client may specify TCP/IP and/or X11 -forwardings unless they are explicitly prohibited. -.It Cm environment="NAME=value" -Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when -logging in using this key. Environment variables set this way -override other default environment values. Multiple options of this -type are permitted. -.It Cm no-port-forwarding -Forbids TCP/IP forwarding when this key is used for authentication. -Any port forward requests by the client will return an error. This -might be used, e.g., in connection with the -.Cm command -option. -.It Cm no-X11-forwarding -Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication. -Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error. -.It Cm no-agent-forwarding -Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for -authentication. -.It Cm no-pty -Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail). -.El -.Ss Examples -1024 33 12121.\|.\|.\|312314325 ylo@foo.bar -.Pp -from="*.niksula.hut.fi,!pc.niksula.hut.fi" 1024 35 23.\|.\|.\|2334 ylo@niksula -.Pp -command="dump /home",no-pty,no-port-forwarding 1024 33 23.\|.\|.\|2323 backup.hut.fi -.Sh SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT -The -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -and -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts -files contain host public keys for all known hosts. The global file should -be prepared by the admistrator (optional), and the per-user file is -maintained automatically: whenever the user connects an unknown host -its key is added to the per-user file. -.Pp -Each line in these files contains the following fields: hostnames, -bits, exponent, modulus, comment. The fields are separated by spaces. -.Pp -Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns ('*' and '?' act as -wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the canonical host -name (when authenticating a client) or against the user-supplied -name (when authenticating a server). A pattern may also be preceded -by -.Ql ! -to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated -pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another -pattern on the line. -.Pp -Bits, exponent, and modulus are taken directly from the host key; they -can be obtained, e.g., from -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key.pub . -The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used. -.Pp -Lines starting with -.Ql # -and empty lines are ignored as comments. -.Pp -When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any -matching line has the proper key. It is thus permissible (but not -recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same -names. This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names -from different domains are put in the file. It is possible -that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is -accepted if valid information can be found from either file. -.Pp -Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters -long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand. -Rather, generate them by a script -or by taking -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key.pub -and adding the host names at the front. -.Ss Examples -closenet,closenet.hut.fi,.\|.\|.\|,130.233.208.41 1024 37 159.\|.\|.93 closenet.hut.fi -.Sh FILES -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It Pa /etc/openssh/sshd_config -Contains configuration data for -.Nm sshd . -This file should be writable by root only, but it is recommended -(though not necessary) that it be world-readable. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key -Contains the private part of the host key. -This file should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not -accessible to others. -Note that -.Nm -does not start if this file is group/world-accessible. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key.pub -Contains the public part of the host key. -This file should be world-readable but writable only by -root. Its contents should match the private part. This file is not -really used for anything; it is only provided for the convenience of -the user so its contents can be copied to known hosts files. -These two files are created using -.Xr ssh-keygen 1 . -.It Pa /var/run/sshd.pid -Contains the process ID of the -.Nm -listening for connections (if there are several daemons running -concurrently for different ports, this contains the pid of the one -started last). The contents of this file are not sensitive; it can be -world-readable. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys -Lists the RSA keys that can be used to log into the user's account. -This file must be readable by root (which may on some machines imply -it being world-readable if the user's home directory resides on an NFS -volume). It is recommended that it not be accessible by others. The -format of this file is described above. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -This file is consulted when using rhosts with RSA host -authentication to check the public key of the host. The key must be -listed in this file to be accepted. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts -The client uses this file -and -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -to verify that the remote host is the one we intended to -connect. These files should be writable only by root/the owner. -.Pa /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts -should be world-readable, and -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts -can but need not be world-readable. -.It Pa /etc/nologin -If this file exists, -.Nm -refuses to let anyone except root log in. The contents of the file -are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are -refused. The file should be world-readable. -.It Pa /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny -If compiled with -.Sy LIBWRAP -support, tcp-wrappers access controls may be defined here as described in -.Xr hosts_access 5 . -.It Pa $HOME/.rhosts -This file contains host-username pairs, separated by a space, one per -line. The given user on the corresponding host is permitted to log in -without password. The same file is used by rlogind and rshd. -The file must -be writable only by the user; it is recommended that it not be -accessible by others. -.Pp -If is also possible to use netgroups in the file. Either host or user -name may be of the form +@groupname to specify all hosts or all users -in the group. -.It Pa $HOME/.shosts -For ssh, -this file is exactly the same as for -.Pa .rhosts . -However, this file is -not used by rlogin and rshd, so using this permits access using SSH only. -.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv -This file is used during -.Pa .rhosts -authentication. In the -simplest form, this file contains host names, one per line. Users on -those hosts are permitted to log in without a password, provided they -have the same user name on both machines. The host name may also be -followed by a user name; such users are permitted to log in as -.Em any -user on this machine (except root). Additionally, the syntax -.Dq +@group -can be used to specify netgroups. Negated entries start with -.Ql \&- . -.Pp -If the client host/user is successfully matched in this file, login is -automatically permitted provided the client and server user names are the -same. Additionally, successful RSA host authentication is normally -required. This file must be writable only by root; it is recommended -that it be world-readable. -.Pp -.Sy "Warning: It is almost never a good idea to use user names in" -.Pa hosts.equiv . -Beware that it really means that the named user(s) can log in as -.Em anybody , -which includes bin, daemon, adm, and other accounts that own critical -binaries and directories. Using a user name practically grants the -user root access. The only valid use for user names that I can think -of is in negative entries. -.Pp -Note that this warning also applies to rsh/rlogin. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/shosts.equiv -This is processed exactly as -.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv . -However, this file may be useful in environments that want to run both -rsh/rlogin and ssh. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment -This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists). It -can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with -.Ql # ) , -and assignment lines of the form name=value. The file should be writable -only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else. -.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc -If this file exists, it is run with /bin/sh after reading the -environment files but before starting the user's shell or command. If -X11 spoofing is in use, this will receive the "proto cookie" pair in -standard input (and -.Ev DISPLAY -in environment). This must call -.Xr xauth 1 -in that case. -.Pp -The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines -which may be needed before the user's home directory becomes -accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment. -.Pp -This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by -something similar to: "if read proto cookie; then echo add $DISPLAY -$proto $cookie | xauth -q -; fi". -.Pp -If this file does not exist, -.Pa /etc/openssh/sshrc -is run, and if that -does not exist either, xauth is used to store the cookie. -.Pp -This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be -readable by anyone else. -.It Pa /etc/openssh/sshrc -Like -.Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc . -This can be used to specify -machine-specific login-time initializations globally. This file -should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable. -.Sh AUTHOR -Tatu Ylonen -.Pp -Information about new releases, mailing lists, and other related -issues can be found from the SSH WWW home page: -.Pp -.Dl http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh. -.Pp -OpenSSH -is a derivative of the original (free) ssh 1.2.12 release, but with bugs -removed and newer features re-added. Rapidly after the 1.2.12 release, -newer versions bore successively more restrictive licenses. This version -of OpenSSH -.Bl -bullet -.It -has all components of a restrictive nature (ie. patents, see -.Xr ssl 8 ) -directly removed from the source code; any licensed or patented components -are chosen from -external libraries. -.It -has been updated to support ssh protocol 1.5. -.It -contains added support for -.Xr kerberos 8 -authentication and ticket passing. -.It -supports one-time password authentication with -.Xr skey 1 . -.El -.Pp -The libraries described in -.Xr ssl 8 -are required for proper operation. -.Sh SEE ALSO -.Xr rlogin 1 , -.Xr rsh 1 , -.Xr scp 1 , -.Xr ssh 1 , -.Xr ssh-add 1 , -.Xr ssh-agent 1 , -.Xr ssh-keygen 1 , -.Xr ssl 8 diff --git a/opensshd.init b/opensshd.init index 4c9c806d..40cc92b8 100755 --- a/opensshd.init +++ b/opensshd.init @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ # chkconfig: 2345 55 25 # description: OpenSSH server daemon # -# processname: opensshd -# config: /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key -# config: /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key.pub -# config: /etc/openssh/ssh_random_seed -# config: /etc/openssh/sshd_config -# pidfile: /var/run/opensshd.pid +# processname: sshd +# config: /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key +# config: /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub +# config: /etc/ssh/ssh_random_seed +# config: /etc/ssh/sshd_config +# pidfile: /var/run/sshd.pid # source function library . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions @@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ RETVAL=0 case "$1" in start) - echo -n "Starting opensshd: " - daemon /usr/sbin/opensshd + echo -n "Starting sshd: " + daemon /usr/sbin/sshd RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/sshd echo ;; stop) - echo -n "Shutting down opensshd: " + echo -n "Shutting down sshd: " killproc sshd RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/sshd @@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ case "$1" in RETVAL=$? ;; status) - status opensshd + status sshd RETVAL=$? ;; *) - echo "Usage: opensshd {start|stop|restart|status}" + echo "Usage: sshd {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 esac diff --git a/ssh.h b/ssh.h index 8efbafb7..e619b0eb 100644 --- a/ssh.h +++ b/ssh.h @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ only by root, whereas ssh_config should be world-readable. */ /* The process id of the daemon listening for connections is saved here to make it easier to kill the correct daemon when necessary. */ -#define SSH_DAEMON_PID_FILE PIDDIR "/opensshd.pid" +#define SSH_DAEMON_PID_FILE PIDDIR "/sshd.pid" /* The directory in user\'s home directory in which the files reside. The directory should be world-readable (though not all files are). */ diff --git a/sshd.c b/sshd.c index aa7aaf85..97827d82 100644 --- a/sshd.c +++ b/sshd.c @@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ do_authentication(char *user, int privileged_port) pw = &pwcopy; #ifdef HAVE_LIBPAM - if (PAM_SUCCESS != pam_start("opensshd", pw->pw_name, &conv, (pam_handle_t**)&pamh)) + if (PAM_SUCCESS != pam_start("sshd", pw->pw_name, &conv, (pam_handle_t**)&pamh)) { packet_start(SSH_SMSG_FAILURE); packet_send(); diff --git a/sshd_config b/sshd_config index 63a55990..97f6f8e1 100644 --- a/sshd_config +++ b/sshd_config @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Port 22 ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 -HostKey /etc/openssh/ssh_host_key +HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key ServerKeyBits 768 LoginGraceTime 600 KeyRegenerationInterval 3600 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ KeepAlive yes SyslogFacility AUTH RhostsAuthentication no # -# For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/openssh/ssh_known_hosts +# For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts RhostsRSAAuthentication no # RSAAuthentication yes -- 2.45.2