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1 | .\" -*- nroff -*- | |
2 | .\" | |
3 | .\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi> | |
4 | .\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland | |
5 | .\" All rights reserved | |
6 | .\" | |
7 | .\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software | |
8 | .\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this | |
9 | .\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is | |
10 | .\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be | |
11 | .\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell". | |
12 | .\" | |
13 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved. | |
14 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved. | |
15 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved. | |
16 | .\" | |
17 | .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without | |
18 | .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions | |
19 | .\" are met: | |
20 | .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright | |
21 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. | |
22 | .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright | |
23 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the | |
24 | .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. | |
25 | .\" | |
26 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR | |
27 | .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES | |
28 | .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. | |
29 | .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, | |
30 | .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT | |
31 | .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, | |
32 | .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY | |
33 | .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT | |
34 | .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF | |
35 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. | |
36 | .\" | |
37 | .\" $OpenBSD: sshd.8,v 1.129 2001/06/22 21:28:53 provos Exp $ | |
38 | .Dd September 25, 1999 | |
39 | .Dt SSHD 8 | |
40 | .Os | |
41 | .Sh NAME | |
42 | .Nm sshd | |
43 | .Nd OpenSSH SSH daemon | |
44 | .Sh SYNOPSIS | |
45 | .Nm sshd | |
46 | .Op Fl deiqD46 | |
47 | .Op Fl b Ar bits | |
48 | .Op Fl f Ar config_file | |
49 | .Op Fl g Ar login_grace_time | |
50 | .Op Fl h Ar host_key_file | |
51 | .Op Fl k Ar key_gen_time | |
52 | .Op Fl p Ar port | |
53 | .Op Fl u Ar len | |
54 | .Op Fl V Ar client_protocol_id | |
55 | .Sh DESCRIPTION | |
56 | .Nm | |
57 | (SSH Daemon) is the daemon program for | |
58 | .Xr ssh 1 . | |
59 | Together these programs replace rlogin and rsh, and | |
60 | provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts | |
61 | over an insecure network. | |
62 | The programs are intended to be as easy to | |
63 | install and use as possible. | |
64 | .Pp | |
65 | .Nm | |
66 | is the daemon that listens for connections from clients. | |
67 | It is normally started at boot from | |
68 | .Pa /etc/rc . | |
69 | It forks a new | |
70 | daemon for each incoming connection. | |
71 | The forked daemons handle | |
72 | key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution, | |
73 | and data exchange. | |
74 | This implementation of | |
75 | .Nm | |
76 | supports both SSH protocol version 1 and 2 simultaneously. | |
77 | .Nm | |
78 | works as follows. | |
79 | .Pp | |
80 | .Ss SSH protocol version 1 | |
81 | .Pp | |
82 | Each host has a host-specific RSA key | |
83 | (normally 1024 bits) used to identify the host. | |
84 | Additionally, when | |
85 | the daemon starts, it generates a server RSA key (normally 768 bits). | |
86 | This key is normally regenerated every hour if it has been used, and | |
87 | is never stored on disk. | |
88 | .Pp | |
89 | Whenever a client connects the daemon responds with its public | |
90 | host and server keys. | |
91 | The client compares the | |
92 | RSA host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed. | |
93 | The client then generates a 256 bit random number. | |
94 | It encrypts this | |
95 | random number using both the host key and the server key, and sends | |
96 | the encrypted number to the server. | |
97 | Both sides then use this | |
98 | random number as a session key which is used to encrypt all further | |
99 | communications in the session. | |
100 | The rest of the session is encrypted | |
101 | using a conventional cipher, currently Blowfish or 3DES, with 3DES | |
102 | being used by default. | |
103 | The client selects the encryption algorithm | |
104 | to use from those offered by the server. | |
105 | .Pp | |
106 | Next, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog. | |
107 | The client tries to authenticate itself using | |
108 | .Pa .rhosts | |
109 | authentication, | |
110 | .Pa .rhosts | |
111 | authentication combined with RSA host | |
112 | authentication, RSA challenge-response authentication, or password | |
113 | based authentication. | |
114 | .Pp | |
115 | Rhosts authentication is normally disabled | |
116 | because it is fundamentally insecure, but can be enabled in the server | |
117 | configuration file if desired. | |
118 | System security is not improved unless | |
119 | .Xr rshd 8 , | |
120 | .Xr rlogind 8 , | |
121 | .Xr rexecd 8 , | |
122 | and | |
123 | .Xr rexd 8 | |
124 | are disabled (thus completely disabling | |
125 | .Xr rlogin 1 | |
126 | and | |
127 | .Xr rsh 1 | |
128 | into the machine). | |
129 | .Pp | |
130 | .Ss SSH protocol version 2 | |
131 | .Pp | |
132 | Version 2 works similarly: | |
133 | Each host has a host-specific DSA key used to identify the host. | |
134 | However, when the daemon starts, it does not generate a server key. | |
135 | Forward security is provided through a Diffie-Hellman key agreement. | |
136 | This key agreement results in a shared session key. | |
137 | .Pp | |
138 | The rest of the session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher, currently | |
139 | 128 bit AES, Blowfish, 3DES, CAST128, Arcfour, 192 bit AES, or 256 bit AES. | |
140 | The client selects the encryption algorithm | |
141 | to use from those offered by the server. | |
142 | Additionally, session integrity is provided | |
143 | through a cryptographic message authentication code | |
144 | (hmac-sha1 or hmac-md5). | |
145 | .Pp | |
146 | Protocol version 2 provides a public key based | |
147 | user (PubkeyAuthentication) or | |
148 | client host (HostbasedAuthentication) authentication method, | |
149 | conventional password authentication and challenge response based methods. | |
150 | .Pp | |
151 | .Ss Command execution and data forwarding | |
152 | .Pp | |
153 | If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for | |
154 | preparing the session is entered. | |
155 | At this time the client may request | |
156 | things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections, | |
157 | forwarding TCP/IP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent | |
158 | connection over the secure channel. | |
159 | .Pp | |
160 | Finally, the client either requests a shell or execution of a command. | |
161 | The sides then enter session mode. | |
162 | In this mode, either side may send | |
163 | data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or | |
164 | command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side. | |
165 | .Pp | |
166 | When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other | |
167 | connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to | |
168 | the client, and both sides exit. | |
169 | .Pp | |
170 | .Nm | |
171 | can be configured using command-line options or a configuration | |
172 | file. | |
173 | Command-line options override values specified in the | |
174 | configuration file. | |
175 | .Pp | |
176 | .Nm | |
177 | rereads its configuration file when it receives a hangup signal, | |
178 | .Dv SIGHUP , | |
179 | by executing itself with the name it was started as, i.e., | |
180 | .Pa /usr/sbin/sshd . | |
181 | .Pp | |
182 | The options are as follows: | |
183 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
184 | .It Fl b Ar bits | |
185 | Specifies the number of bits in the ephemeral protocol version 1 | |
186 | server key (default 768). | |
187 | .Pp | |
188 | .It Fl d | |
189 | Debug mode. | |
190 | The server sends verbose debug output to the system | |
191 | log, and does not put itself in the background. | |
192 | The server also will not fork and will only process one connection. | |
193 | This option is only intended for debugging for the server. | |
194 | Multiple -d options increase the debugging level. | |
195 | Maximum is 3. | |
196 | .It Fl e | |
197 | When this option is specified, | |
198 | .Nm | |
199 | will send the output to the standard error instead of the system log. | |
200 | .It Fl f Ar configuration_file | |
201 | Specifies the name of the configuration file. | |
202 | The default is | |
203 | .Pa /etc/sshd_config . | |
204 | .Nm | |
205 | refuses to start if there is no configuration file. | |
206 | .It Fl g Ar login_grace_time | |
207 | Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default | |
208 | 600 seconds). | |
209 | If the client fails to authenticate the user within | |
210 | this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits. | |
211 | A value of zero indicates no limit. | |
212 | .It Fl h Ar host_key_file | |
213 | Specifies the file from which the host key is read (default | |
214 | .Pa /etc/ssh_host_key ) . | |
215 | This option must be given if | |
216 | .Nm | |
217 | is not run as root (as the normal | |
218 | host file is normally not readable by anyone but root). | |
219 | It is possible to have multiple host key files for | |
220 | the different protocol versions and host key algorithms. | |
221 | .It Fl i | |
222 | Specifies that | |
223 | .Nm | |
224 | is being run from inetd. | |
225 | .Nm | |
226 | is normally not run | |
227 | from inetd because it needs to generate the server key before it can | |
228 | respond to the client, and this may take tens of seconds. | |
229 | Clients would have to wait too long if the key was regenerated every time. | |
230 | However, with small key sizes (e.g., 512) using | |
231 | .Nm | |
232 | from inetd may | |
233 | be feasible. | |
234 | .It Fl k Ar key_gen_time | |
235 | Specifies how often the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key is | |
236 | regenerated (default 3600 seconds, or one hour). | |
237 | The motivation for regenerating the key fairly | |
238 | often is that the key is not stored anywhere, and after about an hour, | |
239 | it becomes impossible to recover the key for decrypting intercepted | |
240 | communications even if the machine is cracked into or physically | |
241 | seized. | |
242 | A value of zero indicates that the key will never be regenerated. | |
243 | .It Fl p Ar port | |
244 | Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections | |
245 | (default 22). | |
246 | .It Fl q | |
247 | Quiet mode. | |
248 | Nothing is sent to the system log. | |
249 | Normally the beginning, | |
250 | authentication, and termination of each connection is logged. | |
251 | .It Fl u Ar len | |
252 | This option is used to specify the size of the field | |
253 | in the | |
254 | .Li utmp | |
255 | structure that holds the remote host name. | |
256 | If the resolved host name is longer than | |
257 | .Ar len , | |
258 | the dotted decimal value will be used instead. | |
259 | This allows hosts with very long host names that | |
260 | overflow this field to still be uniquely identified. | |
261 | Specifying | |
262 | .Fl u0 | |
263 | indicates that only dotted decimal addresses | |
264 | should be put into the | |
265 | .Pa utmp | |
266 | file. | |
267 | .It Fl D | |
268 | When this option is specified | |
269 | .Nm | |
270 | will not detach and does not become a daemon. | |
271 | This allows easy monitoring of | |
272 | .Nm sshd . | |
273 | .It Fl 4 | |
274 | Forces | |
275 | .Nm | |
276 | to use IPv4 addresses only. | |
277 | .It Fl 6 | |
278 | Forces | |
279 | .Nm | |
280 | to use IPv6 addresses only. | |
281 | .El | |
282 | .Sh CONFIGURATION FILE | |
283 | .Nm | |
284 | reads configuration data from | |
285 | .Pa /etc/sshd_config | |
286 | (or the file specified with | |
287 | .Fl f | |
288 | on the command line). | |
289 | The file contains keyword-value pairs, one per line. | |
290 | Lines starting with | |
291 | .Ql # | |
292 | and empty lines are interpreted as comments. | |
293 | .Pp | |
294 | The following keywords are possible. | |
295 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
296 | .It Cm AFSTokenPassing | |
297 | Specifies whether an AFS token may be forwarded to the server. | |
298 | Default is | |
299 | .Dq yes . | |
300 | .It Cm AllowGroups | |
301 | This keyword can be followed by a list of group names, separated | |
302 | by spaces. | |
303 | If specified, login is allowed only for users whose primary | |
304 | group or supplementary group list matches one of the patterns. | |
305 | .Ql \&* | |
306 | and | |
307 | .Ql ? | |
308 | can be used as | |
309 | wildcards in the patterns. | |
310 | Only group names are valid; a numerical group ID isn't recognized. | |
311 | By default login is allowed regardless of the group list. | |
312 | .Pp | |
313 | .It Cm AllowTcpForwarding | |
314 | Specifies whether TCP forwarding is permitted. | |
315 | The default is | |
316 | .Dq yes . | |
317 | Note that disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless | |
318 | users are also denied shell access, as they can always install their | |
319 | own forwarders. | |
320 | .Pp | |
321 | .It Cm AllowUsers | |
322 | This keyword can be followed by a list of user names, separated | |
323 | by spaces. | |
324 | If specified, login is allowed only for users names that | |
325 | match one of the patterns. | |
326 | .Ql \&* | |
327 | and | |
328 | .Ql ? | |
329 | can be used as | |
330 | wildcards in the patterns. | |
331 | Only user names are valid; a numerical user ID isn't recognized. | |
332 | By default login is allowed regardless of the user name. | |
333 | .Pp | |
334 | .It Cm AuthorizedKeysFile | |
335 | Specifies the file that contains the public RSA keys that can be used | |
336 | for RSA authentication in protocol version 1. | |
337 | .Cm AuthorizedKeysFile | |
338 | may contain tokens of the form %T which are substituted during connection | |
339 | set-up. The following tokens are defined; %% is replaces by a literal '%', | |
340 | %h is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated and | |
341 | %u is replaced by the username of that user. | |
342 | After expansion, | |
343 | .Cm AuthorizedKeysFile | |
344 | is taken to be an absolute path or one relative to the user's home | |
345 | directory. | |
346 | The default is | |
347 | .Dq .ssh/authorized_keys | |
348 | .It Cm AuthorizedKeysFile2 | |
349 | Specifies the file that contains the public keys that can be used | |
350 | for public key authentication in protocol version 2. | |
351 | .Cm AuthorizedKeysFile2 | |
352 | may contain tokens of the form %T which are substituted during connection | |
353 | set-up. The following tokens are defined; %% is replaces by a literal '%', | |
354 | %h is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated and | |
355 | %u is replaced by the username of that user. | |
356 | After expansion, | |
357 | .Cm AuthorizedKeysFile2 | |
358 | is taken to be an absolute path or one relative to the user's home | |
359 | directory. | |
360 | The default is | |
361 | .Dq .ssh/authorized_keys2 | |
362 | .It Cm Banner | |
363 | In some jurisdictions, sending a warning message before authentication | |
364 | may be relevant for getting legal protection. | |
365 | The contents of the specified file are sent to the remote user before | |
366 | authentication is allowed. | |
367 | This option is only available for protocol version 2. | |
368 | .Pp | |
369 | .It Cm ChallengeResponseAuthentication | |
370 | Specifies whether | |
371 | challenge response | |
372 | authentication is allowed. | |
373 | Currently there is only support for | |
374 | .Xr skey 1 | |
375 | authentication. | |
376 | The default is | |
377 | .Dq yes . | |
378 | .It Cm CheckMail | |
379 | Specifies whether | |
380 | .Nm | |
381 | should check for new mail for interactive logins. | |
382 | The default is | |
383 | .Dq no . | |
384 | .It Cm Ciphers | |
385 | Specifies the ciphers allowed for protocol version 2. | |
386 | Multiple ciphers must be comma-separated. | |
387 | The default is | |
388 | .Dq aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour. | |
389 | .It Cm ClientAliveInterval | |
390 | Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has been received | |
391 | from the client, | |
392 | .Nm | |
393 | will send a message through the encrypted | |
394 | channel to request a response from the client. | |
395 | The default | |
396 | is 0, indicating that these messages will not be sent to the client. | |
397 | This option applies to protocol version 2 only. | |
398 | .It Cm ClientAliveCountMax | |
399 | Sets the number of client alive messages (see above) which may be | |
400 | sent without | |
401 | .Nm | |
402 | receiving any messages back from the client. If this threshold is | |
403 | reached while client alive messages are being sent, | |
404 | .Nm | |
405 | will disconnect the client, terminating the session. It is important | |
406 | to note that the use of client alive messages is very different from | |
407 | .Cm Keepalive | |
408 | (below). The client alive messages are sent through the | |
409 | encrypted channel and therefore will not be spoofable. The TCP keepalive | |
410 | option enabled by | |
411 | .Cm Keepalive | |
412 | is spoofable. You want to use the client | |
413 | alive mechanism when you are basing something important on | |
414 | clients having an active connection to the server. | |
415 | .Pp | |
416 | The default value is 3. If you set | |
417 | .Cm ClientAliveInterval | |
418 | (above) to 15, and leave this value at the default, unresponsive ssh clients | |
419 | will be disconnected after approximately 45 seconds. | |
420 | .It Cm DenyGroups | |
421 | This keyword can be followed by a number of group names, separated | |
422 | by spaces. | |
423 | Users whose primary group or supplementary group list matches | |
424 | one of the patterns aren't allowed to log in. | |
425 | .Ql \&* | |
426 | and | |
427 | .Ql ? | |
428 | can be used as | |
429 | wildcards in the patterns. | |
430 | Only group names are valid; a numerical group ID isn't recognized. | |
431 | By default login is allowed regardless of the group list. | |
432 | .Pp | |
433 | .It Cm DenyUsers | |
434 | This keyword can be followed by a number of user names, separated | |
435 | by spaces. | |
436 | Login is disallowed for user names that match one of the patterns. | |
437 | .Ql \&* | |
438 | and | |
439 | .Ql ? | |
440 | can be used as wildcards in the patterns. | |
441 | Only user names are valid; a numerical user ID isn't recognized. | |
442 | By default login is allowed regardless of the user name. | |
443 | .It Cm GatewayPorts | |
444 | Specifies whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to ports | |
445 | forwarded for the client. | |
446 | The argument must be | |
447 | .Dq yes | |
448 | or | |
449 | .Dq no . | |
450 | The default is | |
451 | .Dq no . | |
452 | .It Cm HostbasedAuthentication | |
453 | Specifies whether rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication together | |
454 | with successful public key client host authentication is allowed | |
455 | (hostbased authentication). | |
456 | This option is similar to | |
457 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication | |
458 | and applies to protocol version 2 only. | |
459 | The default is | |
460 | .Dq no . | |
461 | .It Cm HostKey | |
462 | Specifies the file containing the private host keys (default | |
463 | .Pa /etc/ssh_host_key ) | |
464 | used by SSH protocol versions 1 and 2. | |
465 | Note that | |
466 | .Nm | |
467 | will refuse to use a file if it is group/world-accessible. | |
468 | It is possible to have multiple host key files. | |
469 | .Dq rsa1 | |
470 | keys are used for version 1 and | |
471 | .Dq dsa | |
472 | or | |
473 | .Dq rsa | |
474 | are used for version 2 of the SSH protocol. | |
475 | .It Cm IgnoreRhosts | |
476 | Specifies that | |
477 | .Pa .rhosts | |
478 | and | |
479 | .Pa .shosts | |
480 | files will not be used in | |
481 | .Cm RhostsAuthentication , | |
482 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication | |
483 | or | |
484 | .Cm HostbasedAuthentication . | |
485 | .Pp | |
486 | .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv | |
487 | and | |
488 | .Pa /etc/shosts.equiv | |
489 | are still used. | |
490 | The default is | |
491 | .Dq yes . | |
492 | .It Cm IgnoreUserKnownHosts | |
493 | Specifies whether | |
494 | .Nm | |
495 | should ignore the user's | |
496 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts | |
497 | during | |
498 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication | |
499 | or | |
500 | .Cm HostbasedAuthentication . | |
501 | The default is | |
502 | .Dq no . | |
503 | .It Cm KeepAlive | |
504 | Specifies whether the system should send keepalive messages to the | |
505 | other side. | |
506 | If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one | |
507 | of the machines will be properly noticed. | |
508 | However, this means that | |
509 | connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people | |
510 | find it annoying. | |
511 | On the other hand, if keepalives are not sent, | |
512 | sessions may hang indefinitely on the server, leaving | |
513 | .Dq ghost | |
514 | users and consuming server resources. | |
515 | .Pp | |
516 | The default is | |
517 | .Dq yes | |
518 | (to send keepalives), and the server will notice | |
519 | if the network goes down or the client host reboots. | |
520 | This avoids infinitely hanging sessions. | |
521 | .Pp | |
522 | To disable keepalives, the value should be set to | |
523 | .Dq no | |
524 | in both the server and the client configuration files. | |
525 | .It Cm KerberosAuthentication | |
526 | Specifies whether Kerberos authentication is allowed. | |
527 | This can be in the form of a Kerberos ticket, or if | |
528 | .Cm PasswordAuthentication | |
529 | is yes, the password provided by the user will be validated through | |
530 | the Kerberos KDC. | |
531 | To use this option, the server needs a | |
532 | Kerberos servtab which allows the verification of the KDC's identity. | |
533 | Default is | |
534 | .Dq yes . | |
535 | .It Cm KerberosOrLocalPasswd | |
536 | If set then if password authentication through Kerberos fails then | |
537 | the password will be validated via any additional local mechanism | |
538 | such as | |
539 | .Pa /etc/passwd . | |
540 | Default is | |
541 | .Dq yes . | |
542 | .It Cm KerberosTgtPassing | |
543 | Specifies whether a Kerberos TGT may be forwarded to the server. | |
544 | Default is | |
545 | .Dq no , | |
546 | as this only works when the Kerberos KDC is actually an AFS kaserver. | |
547 | .It Cm KerberosTicketCleanup | |
548 | Specifies whether to automatically destroy the user's ticket cache | |
549 | file on logout. | |
550 | Default is | |
551 | .Dq yes . | |
552 | .It Cm KeyRegenerationInterval | |
553 | In protocol version 1, the ephemeral server key is automatically regenerated | |
554 | after this many seconds (if it has been used). | |
555 | The purpose of regeneration is to prevent | |
556 | decrypting captured sessions by later breaking into the machine and | |
557 | stealing the keys. | |
558 | The key is never stored anywhere. | |
559 | If the value is 0, the key is never regenerated. | |
560 | The default is 3600 (seconds). | |
561 | .It Cm ListenAddress | |
562 | Specifies the local addresses | |
563 | .Nm | |
564 | should listen on. | |
565 | The following forms may be used: | |
566 | .Pp | |
567 | .Bl -item -offset indent -compact | |
568 | .It | |
569 | .Cm ListenAddress | |
570 | .Sm off | |
571 | .Ar host No | Ar IPv4_addr No | Ar IPv6_addr | |
572 | .Sm on | |
573 | .It | |
574 | .Cm ListenAddress | |
575 | .Sm off | |
576 | .Ar host No | Ar IPv4_addr No : Ar port | |
577 | .Sm on | |
578 | .It | |
579 | .Cm ListenAddress | |
580 | .Sm off | |
581 | .Oo | |
582 | .Ar host No | Ar IPv6_addr Oc : Ar port | |
583 | .Sm on | |
584 | .El | |
585 | .Pp | |
586 | If | |
587 | .Ar port | |
588 | is not specified, | |
589 | .Nm | |
590 | will listen on the address and all prior | |
591 | .Cm Port | |
592 | options specified. The default is to listen on all local | |
593 | addresses. Multiple | |
594 | .Cm ListenAddress | |
595 | options are permitted. Additionally, any | |
596 | .Cm Port | |
597 | options must precede this option for non port qualified addresses. | |
598 | .It Cm LoginGraceTime | |
599 | The server disconnects after this time if the user has not | |
600 | successfully logged in. | |
601 | If the value is 0, there is no time limit. | |
602 | The default is 600 (seconds). | |
603 | .It Cm LogLevel | |
604 | Gives the verbosity level that is used when logging messages from | |
605 | .Nm sshd . | |
606 | The possible values are: | |
607 | QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE and DEBUG. | |
608 | The default is INFO. | |
609 | Logging with level DEBUG violates the privacy of users | |
610 | and is not recommended. | |
611 | .It Cm MACs | |
612 | Specifies the available MAC (message authentication code) algorithms. | |
613 | The MAC algorithm is used in protocol version 2 | |
614 | for data integrity protection. | |
615 | Multiple algorithms must be comma-separated. | |
616 | The default is | |
617 | .Dq hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 . | |
618 | .It Cm MaxStartups | |
619 | Specifies the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the | |
620 | .Nm | |
621 | daemon. | |
622 | Additional connections will be dropped until authentication succeeds or the | |
623 | .Cm LoginGraceTime | |
624 | expires for a connection. | |
625 | The default is 10. | |
626 | .Pp | |
627 | Alternatively, random early drop can be enabled by specifying | |
628 | the three colon separated values | |
629 | .Dq start:rate:full | |
630 | (e.g., "10:30:60"). | |
631 | .Nm | |
632 | will refuse connection attempts with a probability of | |
633 | .Dq rate/100 | |
634 | (30%) | |
635 | if there are currently | |
636 | .Dq start | |
637 | (10) | |
638 | unauthenticated connections. | |
639 | The probability increases linearly and all connection attempts | |
640 | are refused if the number of unauthenticated connections reaches | |
641 | .Dq full | |
642 | (60). | |
643 | .It Cm PAMAuthenticationViaKbdInt | |
644 | Specifies whether PAM challenge response authentication is allowed. This | |
645 | allows the use of most PAM challenge response authentication modules, but | |
646 | it will allow password authentication regardless of whether | |
647 | .Cm PasswordAuthentication | |
648 | is disabled. | |
649 | The default is | |
650 | .Dq no . | |
651 | .It Cm PasswordAuthentication | |
652 | Specifies whether password authentication is allowed. | |
653 | The default is | |
654 | .Dq yes . | |
655 | .It Cm PermitEmptyPasswords | |
656 | When password authentication is allowed, it specifies whether the | |
657 | server allows login to accounts with empty password strings. | |
658 | The default is | |
659 | .Dq no . | |
660 | .It Cm PermitRootLogin | |
661 | Specifies whether root can login using | |
662 | .Xr ssh 1 . | |
663 | The argument must be | |
664 | .Dq yes , | |
665 | .Dq without-password , | |
666 | .Dq forced-commands-only | |
667 | or | |
668 | .Dq no . | |
669 | The default is | |
670 | .Dq yes . | |
671 | .Pp | |
672 | If this option is set to | |
673 | .Dq without-password | |
674 | password authentication is disabled for root. | |
675 | .Pp | |
676 | If this option is set to | |
677 | .Dq forced-commands-only | |
678 | root login with public key authentication will be allowed, | |
679 | but only if the | |
680 | .Ar command | |
681 | option has been specified | |
682 | (which may be useful for taking remote backups even if root login is | |
683 | normally not allowed). All other authentication methods are disabled | |
684 | for root. | |
685 | .Pp | |
686 | If this option is set to | |
687 | .Dq no | |
688 | root is not allowed to login. | |
689 | .It Cm PidFile | |
690 | Specifies the file that contains the process identifier of the | |
691 | .Nm | |
692 | daemon. | |
693 | The default is | |
694 | .Pa /var/run/sshd.pid . | |
695 | .It Cm Port | |
696 | Specifies the port number that | |
697 | .Nm | |
698 | listens on. | |
699 | The default is 22. | |
700 | Multiple options of this type are permitted. | |
701 | See also | |
702 | .Cm ListenAddress . | |
703 | .It Cm PrintLastLog | |
704 | Specifies whether | |
705 | .Nm | |
706 | should print the date and time when the user last logged in. | |
707 | The default is | |
708 | .Dq yes . | |
709 | .It Cm PrintMotd | |
710 | Specifies whether | |
711 | .Nm | |
712 | should print | |
713 | .Pa /etc/motd | |
714 | when a user logs in interactively. | |
715 | (On some systems it is also printed by the shell, | |
716 | .Pa /etc/profile , | |
717 | or equivalent.) | |
718 | The default is | |
719 | .Dq yes . | |
720 | .It Cm Protocol | |
721 | Specifies the protocol versions | |
722 | .Nm | |
723 | should support. | |
724 | The possible values are | |
725 | .Dq 1 | |
726 | and | |
727 | .Dq 2 . | |
728 | Multiple versions must be comma-separated. | |
729 | The default is | |
730 | .Dq 2,1 . | |
731 | .It Cm PubkeyAuthentication | |
732 | Specifies whether public key authentication is allowed. | |
733 | The default is | |
734 | .Dq yes . | |
735 | Note that this option applies to protocol version 2 only. | |
736 | .It Cm ReverseMappingCheck | |
737 | Specifies whether | |
738 | .Nm | |
739 | should try to verify the remote host name and check that | |
740 | the resolved host name for the remote IP address maps back to the | |
741 | very same IP address. | |
742 | The default is | |
743 | .Dq no . | |
744 | .It Cm RhostsAuthentication | |
745 | Specifies whether authentication using rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv | |
746 | files is sufficient. | |
747 | Normally, this method should not be permitted because it is insecure. | |
748 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication | |
749 | should be used | |
750 | instead, because it performs RSA-based host authentication in addition | |
751 | to normal rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication. | |
752 | The default is | |
753 | .Dq no . | |
754 | This option applies to protocol version 1 only. | |
755 | .It Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication | |
756 | Specifies whether rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication together | |
757 | with successful RSA host authentication is allowed. | |
758 | The default is | |
759 | .Dq no . | |
760 | This option applies to protocol version 1 only. | |
761 | .It Cm RSAAuthentication | |
762 | Specifies whether pure RSA authentication is allowed. | |
763 | The default is | |
764 | .Dq yes . | |
765 | This option applies to protocol version 1 only. | |
766 | .It Cm ServerKeyBits | |
767 | Defines the number of bits in the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key. | |
768 | The minimum value is 512, and the default is 768. | |
769 | .It Cm StrictModes | |
770 | Specifies whether | |
771 | .Nm | |
772 | should check file modes and ownership of the | |
773 | user's files and home directory before accepting login. | |
774 | This is normally desirable because novices sometimes accidentally leave their | |
775 | directory or files world-writable. | |
776 | The default is | |
777 | .Dq yes . | |
778 | .It Cm Subsystem | |
779 | Configures an external subsystem (e.g., file transfer daemon). | |
780 | Arguments should be a subsystem name and a command to execute upon subsystem | |
781 | request. | |
782 | The command | |
783 | .Xr sftp-server 8 | |
784 | implements the | |
785 | .Dq sftp | |
786 | file transfer subsystem. | |
787 | By default no subsystems are defined. | |
788 | Note that this option applies to protocol version 2 only. | |
789 | .It Cm SyslogFacility | |
790 | Gives the facility code that is used when logging messages from | |
791 | .Nm sshd . | |
792 | The possible values are: DAEMON, USER, AUTH, LOCAL0, LOCAL1, LOCAL2, | |
793 | LOCAL3, LOCAL4, LOCAL5, LOCAL6, LOCAL7. | |
794 | The default is AUTH. | |
795 | .It Cm UseLogin | |
796 | Specifies whether | |
797 | .Xr login 1 | |
798 | is used for interactive login sessions. | |
799 | The default is | |
800 | .Dq no . | |
801 | Note that | |
802 | .Xr login 1 | |
803 | is never used for remote command execution. | |
804 | Note also, that if this is enabled, | |
805 | .Cm X11Forwarding | |
806 | will be disabled because | |
807 | .Xr login 1 | |
808 | does not know how to handle | |
809 | .Xr xauth 1 | |
810 | cookies. | |
811 | .It Cm X11DisplayOffset | |
812 | Specifies the first display number available for | |
813 | .Nm sshd Ns 's | |
814 | X11 forwarding. | |
815 | This prevents | |
816 | .Nm | |
817 | from interfering with real X11 servers. | |
818 | The default is 10. | |
819 | .It Cm X11Forwarding | |
820 | Specifies whether X11 forwarding is permitted. | |
821 | The default is | |
822 | .Dq no . | |
823 | Note that disabling X11 forwarding does not improve security in any | |
824 | way, as users can always install their own forwarders. | |
825 | X11 forwarding is automatically disabled if | |
826 | .Cm UseLogin | |
827 | is enabled. | |
828 | .It Cm XAuthLocation | |
829 | Specifies the location of the | |
830 | .Xr xauth 1 | |
831 | program. | |
832 | The default is | |
833 | .Pa /usr/X11R6/bin/xauth . | |
834 | .El | |
835 | .Ss Time Formats | |
836 | .Pp | |
837 | .Nm | |
838 | command-line arguments and configuration file options that specify time | |
839 | may be expressed using a sequence of the form: | |
840 | .Sm off | |
841 | .Ar time Oo Ar qualifier Oc , | |
842 | .Sm on | |
843 | where | |
844 | .Ar time | |
845 | is a positive integer value and | |
846 | .Ar qualifier | |
847 | is one of the following: | |
848 | .Pp | |
849 | .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact -offset indent | |
850 | .It Cm <none> | |
851 | seconds | |
852 | .It Cm s | Cm S | |
853 | seconds | |
854 | .It Cm m | Cm M | |
855 | minutes | |
856 | .It Cm h | Cm H | |
857 | hours | |
858 | .It Cm d | Cm D | |
859 | days | |
860 | .It Cm w | Cm W | |
861 | weeks | |
862 | .El | |
863 | .Pp | |
864 | Each member of the sequence is added together to calculate | |
865 | the total time value. | |
866 | .Pp | |
867 | Time format examples: | |
868 | .Pp | |
869 | .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact -offset indent | |
870 | .It 600 | |
871 | 600 seconds (10 minutes) | |
872 | .It 10m | |
873 | 10 minutes | |
874 | .It 1h30m | |
875 | 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes) | |
876 | .El | |
877 | .Sh LOGIN PROCESS | |
878 | When a user successfully logs in, | |
879 | .Nm | |
880 | does the following: | |
881 | .Bl -enum -offset indent | |
882 | .It | |
883 | If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified, | |
884 | prints last login time and | |
885 | .Pa /etc/motd | |
886 | (unless prevented in the configuration file or by | |
887 | .Pa $HOME/.hushlogin ; | |
888 | see the | |
889 | .Sx FILES | |
890 | section). | |
891 | .It | |
892 | If the login is on a tty, records login time. | |
893 | .It | |
894 | Checks | |
895 | .Pa /etc/nologin ; | |
896 | if it exists, prints contents and quits | |
897 | (unless root). | |
898 | .It | |
899 | Changes to run with normal user privileges. | |
900 | .It | |
901 | Sets up basic environment. | |
902 | .It | |
903 | Reads | |
904 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment | |
905 | if it exists. | |
906 | .It | |
907 | Changes to user's home directory. | |
908 | .It | |
909 | If | |
910 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc | |
911 | exists, runs it; else if | |
912 | .Pa /etc/sshrc | |
913 | exists, runs | |
914 | it; otherwise runs xauth. | |
915 | The | |
916 | .Dq rc | |
917 | files are given the X11 | |
918 | authentication protocol and cookie in standard input. | |
919 | .It | |
920 | Runs user's shell or command. | |
921 | .El | |
922 | .Sh AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT | |
923 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys | |
924 | is the default file that lists the RSA keys that are | |
925 | permitted for RSA authentication in protocol version 1. | |
926 | .Cm AuthorizedKeysFile | |
927 | may be used to specify an alternative file. | |
928 | Similarly, | |
929 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2 | |
930 | is the default file that lists the DSA and RSA keys that are | |
931 | permitted for public key authentication (PubkeyAuthentication) | |
932 | in protocol version 2. | |
933 | .Cm AuthorizedKeysFile2 | |
934 | may be used to specify an alternative file. | |
935 | .Pp | |
936 | Each line of the file contains one | |
937 | key (empty lines and lines starting with a | |
938 | .Ql # | |
939 | are ignored as | |
940 | comments). | |
941 | Each RSA public key consists of the following fields, separated by | |
942 | spaces: options, bits, exponent, modulus, comment. | |
943 | Each protocol version 2 public key consists of: | |
944 | options, keytype, base64 encoded key, comment. | |
945 | The options fields | |
946 | are optional; its presence is determined by whether the line starts | |
947 | with a number or not (the option field never starts with a number). | |
948 | The bits, exponent, modulus and comment fields give the RSA key for | |
949 | protocol version 1; the | |
950 | comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the | |
951 | user to identify the key). | |
952 | For protocol version 2 the keytype is | |
953 | .Dq ssh-dss | |
954 | or | |
955 | .Dq ssh-rsa . | |
956 | .Pp | |
957 | Note that lines in this file are usually several hundred bytes long | |
958 | (because of the size of the RSA key modulus). | |
959 | You don't want to type them in; instead, copy the | |
960 | .Pa identity.pub , | |
961 | .Pa id_dsa.pub | |
962 | or the | |
963 | .Pa id_rsa.pub | |
964 | file and edit it. | |
965 | .Pp | |
966 | The options (if present) consist of comma-separated option | |
967 | specifications. | |
968 | No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes. | |
969 | The following option specifications are supported: | |
970 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
971 | .It Cm from="pattern-list" | |
972 | Specifies that in addition to RSA authentication, the canonical name | |
973 | of the remote host must be present in the comma-separated list of | |
974 | patterns | |
975 | .Pf ( Ql * | |
976 | and | |
977 | .Ql ? | |
978 | serve as wildcards). | |
979 | The list may also contain | |
980 | patterns negated by prefixing them with | |
981 | .Ql ! ; | |
982 | if the canonical host name matches a negated pattern, the key is not accepted. | |
983 | The purpose | |
984 | of this option is to optionally increase security: RSA authentication | |
985 | by itself does not trust the network or name servers or anything (but | |
986 | the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key | |
987 | permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world. | |
988 | This additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name | |
989 | servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to | |
990 | just the key). | |
991 | .It Cm command="command" | |
992 | Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for | |
993 | authentication. | |
994 | The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored. | |
995 | The command is run on a pty if the connection requests a pty; | |
996 | otherwise it is run without a tty. | |
997 | Note that if you want a 8-bit clean channel, | |
998 | you must not request a pty or should specify | |
999 | .Cm no-pty . | |
1000 | A quote may be included in the command by quoting it with a backslash. | |
1001 | This option might be useful | |
1002 | to restrict certain RSA keys to perform just a specific operation. | |
1003 | An example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing else. | |
1004 | Note that the client may specify TCP/IP and/or X11 | |
1005 | forwarding unless they are explicitly prohibited. | |
1006 | .It Cm environment="NAME=value" | |
1007 | Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when | |
1008 | logging in using this key. | |
1009 | Environment variables set this way | |
1010 | override other default environment values. | |
1011 | Multiple options of this type are permitted. | |
1012 | .It Cm no-port-forwarding | |
1013 | Forbids TCP/IP forwarding when this key is used for authentication. | |
1014 | Any port forward requests by the client will return an error. | |
1015 | This might be used, e.g., in connection with the | |
1016 | .Cm command | |
1017 | option. | |
1018 | .It Cm no-X11-forwarding | |
1019 | Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication. | |
1020 | Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error. | |
1021 | .It Cm no-agent-forwarding | |
1022 | Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for | |
1023 | authentication. | |
1024 | .It Cm no-pty | |
1025 | Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail). | |
1026 | .It Cm permitopen="host:port" | |
1027 | Limit local | |
1028 | .Li ``ssh -L'' | |
1029 | port forwarding such that it may only connect to the specified host and | |
1030 | port. Multiple | |
1031 | .Cm permitopen | |
1032 | options may be applied separated by commas. No pattern matching is | |
1033 | performed on the specified hostnames, they must be literal domains or | |
1034 | addresses. | |
1035 | .El | |
1036 | .Ss Examples | |
1037 | 1024 33 12121.\|.\|.\|312314325 ylo@foo.bar | |
1038 | .Pp | |
1039 | from="*.niksula.hut.fi,!pc.niksula.hut.fi" 1024 35 23.\|.\|.\|2334 ylo@niksula | |
1040 | .Pp | |
1041 | command="dump /home",no-pty,no-port-forwarding 1024 33 23.\|.\|.\|2323 backup.hut.fi | |
1042 | .Pp | |
1043 | permitopen="10.2.1.55:80",permitopen="10.2.1.56:25" 1024 33 23.\|.\|.\|2323 | |
1044 | .Sh SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT | |
1045 | The | |
1046 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts , | |
1047 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts2 , | |
1048 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts , | |
1049 | and | |
1050 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts2 | |
1051 | files contain host public keys for all known hosts. | |
1052 | The global file should | |
1053 | be prepared by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is | |
1054 | maintained automatically: whenever the user connects from an unknown host | |
1055 | its key is added to the per-user file. | |
1056 | .Pp | |
1057 | Each line in these files contains the following fields: hostnames, | |
1058 | bits, exponent, modulus, comment. | |
1059 | The fields are separated by spaces. | |
1060 | .Pp | |
1061 | Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns ('*' and '?' act as | |
1062 | wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the canonical host | |
1063 | name (when authenticating a client) or against the user-supplied | |
1064 | name (when authenticating a server). | |
1065 | A pattern may also be preceded by | |
1066 | .Ql ! | |
1067 | to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated | |
1068 | pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another | |
1069 | pattern on the line. | |
1070 | .Pp | |
1071 | Bits, exponent, and modulus are taken directly from the RSA host key; they | |
1072 | can be obtained, e.g., from | |
1073 | .Pa /etc/ssh_host_key.pub . | |
1074 | The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used. | |
1075 | .Pp | |
1076 | Lines starting with | |
1077 | .Ql # | |
1078 | and empty lines are ignored as comments. | |
1079 | .Pp | |
1080 | When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any | |
1081 | matching line has the proper key. | |
1082 | It is thus permissible (but not | |
1083 | recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same | |
1084 | names. | |
1085 | This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names | |
1086 | from different domains are put in the file. | |
1087 | It is possible | |
1088 | that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is | |
1089 | accepted if valid information can be found from either file. | |
1090 | .Pp | |
1091 | Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters | |
1092 | long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand. | |
1093 | Rather, generate them by a script | |
1094 | or by taking | |
1095 | .Pa /etc/ssh_host_key.pub | |
1096 | and adding the host names at the front. | |
1097 | .Ss Examples | |
1098 | .Bd -literal | |
1099 | closenet,.\|.\|.\|,130.233.208.41 1024 37 159.\|.\|.93 closenet.hut.fi | |
1100 | cvs.openbsd.org,199.185.137.3 ssh-rsa AAAA1234.....= | |
1101 | .Ed | |
1102 | .Sh FILES | |
1103 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
1104 | .It Pa /etc/sshd_config | |
1105 | Contains configuration data for | |
1106 | .Nm sshd . | |
1107 | This file should be writable by root only, but it is recommended | |
1108 | (though not necessary) that it be world-readable. | |
1109 | .It Pa /etc/ssh_host_key, /etc/ssh_host_dsa_key, /etc/ssh_host_rsa_key | |
1110 | These three files contain the private parts of the host keys. | |
1111 | These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not | |
1112 | accessible to others. | |
1113 | Note that | |
1114 | .Nm | |
1115 | does not start if this file is group/world-accessible. | |
1116 | .It Pa /etc/ssh_host_key.pub, /etc/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub, /etc/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub | |
1117 | These three files contain the public parts of the host keys. | |
1118 | These files should be world-readable but writable only by | |
1119 | root. | |
1120 | Their contents should match the respective private parts. | |
1121 | These files are not | |
1122 | really used for anything; they are provided for the convenience of | |
1123 | the user so their contents can be copied to known hosts files. | |
1124 | These files are created using | |
1125 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 . | |
1126 | .It Pa /etc/moduli | |
1127 | Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange". | |
1128 | .It Pa /var/run/sshd.pid | |
1129 | Contains the process ID of the | |
1130 | .Nm | |
1131 | listening for connections (if there are several daemons running | |
1132 | concurrently for different ports, this contains the pid of the one | |
1133 | started last). | |
1134 | The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-readable. | |
1135 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys | |
1136 | Lists the RSA keys that can be used to log into the user's account. | |
1137 | This file must be readable by root (which may on some machines imply | |
1138 | it being world-readable if the user's home directory resides on an NFS | |
1139 | volume). | |
1140 | It is recommended that it not be accessible by others. | |
1141 | The format of this file is described above. | |
1142 | Users will place the contents of their | |
1143 | .Pa identity.pub | |
1144 | files into this file, as described in | |
1145 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 . | |
1146 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2 | |
1147 | Lists the public keys (RSA or DSA) that can be used to log into the user's account. | |
1148 | This file must be readable by root (which may on some machines imply | |
1149 | it being world-readable if the user's home directory resides on an NFS | |
1150 | volume). | |
1151 | It is recommended that it not be accessible by others. | |
1152 | The format of this file is described above. | |
1153 | Users will place the contents of their | |
1154 | .Pa id_dsa.pub | |
1155 | and/or | |
1156 | .Pa id_rsa.pub | |
1157 | files into this file, as described in | |
1158 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 . | |
1159 | .It Pa "/etc/ssh_known_hosts" and "$HOME/.ssh/known_hosts" | |
1160 | These files are consulted when using rhosts with RSA host | |
1161 | authentication to check the public key of the host. | |
1162 | The key must be listed in one of these files to be accepted. | |
1163 | The client uses the same files | |
1164 | to verify that it is connecting to the correct remote host. | |
1165 | These files should be writable only by root/the owner. | |
1166 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts | |
1167 | should be world-readable, and | |
1168 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts | |
1169 | can but need not be world-readable. | |
1170 | .It Pa "/etc/ssh_known_hosts2" and "$HOME/.ssh/known_hosts2" | |
1171 | These files are consulted when using protocol version 2 hostbased | |
1172 | authentication to check the public key of the host. | |
1173 | The key must be listed in one of these files to be accepted. | |
1174 | The client uses the same files | |
1175 | to verify that it is connecting to the correct remote host. | |
1176 | These files should be writable only by root/the owner. | |
1177 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts2 | |
1178 | should be world-readable, and | |
1179 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts2 | |
1180 | can but need not be world-readable. | |
1181 | .It Pa /etc/nologin | |
1182 | If this file exists, | |
1183 | .Nm | |
1184 | refuses to let anyone except root log in. | |
1185 | The contents of the file | |
1186 | are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are | |
1187 | refused. | |
1188 | The file should be world-readable. | |
1189 | .It Pa /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny | |
1190 | If compiled with | |
1191 | .Sy LIBWRAP | |
1192 | support, tcp-wrappers access controls may be defined here as described in | |
1193 | .Xr hosts_access 5 . | |
1194 | .It Pa $HOME/.rhosts | |
1195 | This file contains host-username pairs, separated by a space, one per | |
1196 | line. | |
1197 | The given user on the corresponding host is permitted to log in | |
1198 | without password. | |
1199 | The same file is used by rlogind and rshd. | |
1200 | The file must | |
1201 | be writable only by the user; it is recommended that it not be | |
1202 | accessible by others. | |
1203 | .Pp | |
1204 | If is also possible to use netgroups in the file. | |
1205 | Either host or user | |
1206 | name may be of the form +@groupname to specify all hosts or all users | |
1207 | in the group. | |
1208 | .It Pa $HOME/.shosts | |
1209 | For ssh, | |
1210 | this file is exactly the same as for | |
1211 | .Pa .rhosts . | |
1212 | However, this file is | |
1213 | not used by rlogin and rshd, so using this permits access using SSH only. | |
1214 | .It Pa /etc/hosts.equiv | |
1215 | This file is used during | |
1216 | .Pa .rhosts | |
1217 | authentication. | |
1218 | In the simplest form, this file contains host names, one per line. | |
1219 | Users on | |
1220 | those hosts are permitted to log in without a password, provided they | |
1221 | have the same user name on both machines. | |
1222 | The host name may also be | |
1223 | followed by a user name; such users are permitted to log in as | |
1224 | .Em any | |
1225 | user on this machine (except root). | |
1226 | Additionally, the syntax | |
1227 | .Dq +@group | |
1228 | can be used to specify netgroups. | |
1229 | Negated entries start with | |
1230 | .Ql \&- . | |
1231 | .Pp | |
1232 | If the client host/user is successfully matched in this file, login is | |
1233 | automatically permitted provided the client and server user names are the | |
1234 | same. | |
1235 | Additionally, successful RSA host authentication is normally required. | |
1236 | This file must be writable only by root; it is recommended | |
1237 | that it be world-readable. | |
1238 | .Pp | |
1239 | .Sy "Warning: It is almost never a good idea to use user names in" | |
1240 | .Pa hosts.equiv . | |
1241 | Beware that it really means that the named user(s) can log in as | |
1242 | .Em anybody , | |
1243 | which includes bin, daemon, adm, and other accounts that own critical | |
1244 | binaries and directories. | |
1245 | Using a user name practically grants the user root access. | |
1246 | The only valid use for user names that I can think | |
1247 | of is in negative entries. | |
1248 | .Pp | |
1249 | Note that this warning also applies to rsh/rlogin. | |
1250 | .It Pa /etc/shosts.equiv | |
1251 | This is processed exactly as | |
1252 | .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv . | |
1253 | However, this file may be useful in environments that want to run both | |
1254 | rsh/rlogin and ssh. | |
1255 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment | |
1256 | This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists). | |
1257 | It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with | |
1258 | .Ql # ) , | |
1259 | and assignment lines of the form name=value. | |
1260 | The file should be writable | |
1261 | only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else. | |
1262 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc | |
1263 | If this file exists, it is run with /bin/sh after reading the | |
1264 | environment files but before starting the user's shell or command. | |
1265 | If X11 spoofing is in use, this will receive the "proto cookie" pair in | |
1266 | standard input (and | |
1267 | .Ev DISPLAY | |
1268 | in environment). | |
1269 | This must call | |
1270 | .Xr xauth 1 | |
1271 | in that case. | |
1272 | .Pp | |
1273 | The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines | |
1274 | which may be needed before the user's home directory becomes | |
1275 | accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment. | |
1276 | .Pp | |
1277 | This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by | |
1278 | something similar to: | |
1279 | .Bd -literal | |
1280 | if read proto cookie; then | |
1281 | echo add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie | xauth -q - | |
1282 | fi | |
1283 | .Ed | |
1284 | .Pp | |
1285 | If this file does not exist, | |
1286 | .Pa /etc/sshrc | |
1287 | is run, and if that | |
1288 | does not exist either, xauth is used to store the cookie. | |
1289 | .Pp | |
1290 | This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be | |
1291 | readable by anyone else. | |
1292 | .It Pa /etc/sshrc | |
1293 | Like | |
1294 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc . | |
1295 | This can be used to specify | |
1296 | machine-specific login-time initializations globally. | |
1297 | This file should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable. | |
1298 | .El | |
1299 | .Sh AUTHORS | |
1300 | OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free | |
1301 | ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. | |
1302 | Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, | |
1303 | Theo de Raadt and Dug Song | |
1304 | removed many bugs, re-added newer features and | |
1305 | created OpenSSH. | |
1306 | Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH | |
1307 | protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. | |
1308 | .Sh SEE ALSO | |
1309 | .Xr moduli 5 , | |
1310 | .Xr rlogin 1 , | |
1311 | .Xr rsh 1 , | |
1312 | .Xr scp 1 , | |
1313 | .Xr sftp 1 , | |
1314 | .Xr ssh 1 , | |
1315 | .Xr ssh-add 1 , | |
1316 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 , | |
1317 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 , | |
1318 | .Xr sftp-server 8 | |
1319 | .Rs | |
1320 | .%A T. Ylonen | |
1321 | .%A T. Kivinen | |
1322 | .%A M. Saarinen | |
1323 | .%A T. Rinne | |
1324 | .%A S. Lehtinen | |
1325 | .%T "SSH Protocol Architecture" | |
1326 | .%N draft-ietf-secsh-architecture-07.txt | |
1327 | .%D January 2001 | |
1328 | .%O work in progress material | |
1329 | .Re | |
1330 | .Rs | |
1331 | .%A M. Friedl | |
1332 | .%A N. Provos | |
1333 | .%A W. A. Simpson | |
1334 | .%T "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the SSH Transport Layer Protocol" | |
1335 | .%N draft-ietf-secsh-dh-group-exchange-00.txt | |
1336 | .%D January 2001 | |
1337 | .%O work in progress material | |
1338 | .Re |