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bf740959 | 1 | .\" -*- nroff -*- |
2 | .\" | |
bf740959 | 3 | .\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi> |
bf740959 | 4 | .\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland |
5 | .\" All rights reserved | |
6 | .\" | |
bcbf86ec | 7 | .\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software |
8 | .\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this | |
9 | .\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is | |
10 | .\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be | |
11 | .\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell". | |
12 | .\" | |
f3c7c613 | 13 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved. |
14 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved. | |
15 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved. | |
bcbf86ec | 16 | .\" |
17 | .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without | |
18 | .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions | |
19 | .\" are met: | |
20 | .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright | |
21 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. | |
22 | .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright | |
23 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the | |
24 | .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. | |
bf740959 | 25 | .\" |
bcbf86ec | 26 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR |
27 | .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES | |
28 | .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. | |
29 | .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, | |
30 | .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT | |
31 | .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, | |
32 | .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY | |
33 | .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT | |
34 | .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF | |
35 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. | |
bf740959 | 36 | .\" |
6e0fbda1 | 37 | .\" $OpenBSD: sshd.8,v 1.190 2002/08/21 19:38:06 stevesk Exp $ |
bf740959 | 38 | .Dd September 25, 1999 |
39 | .Dt SSHD 8 | |
40 | .Os | |
41 | .Sh NAME | |
42 | .Nm sshd | |
da89cf4d | 43 | .Nd OpenSSH SSH daemon |
bf740959 | 44 | .Sh SYNOPSIS |
45 | .Nm sshd | |
2043936f | 46 | .Op Fl deiqtD46 |
bf740959 | 47 | .Op Fl b Ar bits |
48 | .Op Fl f Ar config_file | |
49 | .Op Fl g Ar login_grace_time | |
50 | .Op Fl h Ar host_key_file | |
51 | .Op Fl k Ar key_gen_time | |
2717fa0f | 52 | .Op Fl o Ar option |
bf740959 | 53 | .Op Fl p Ar port |
c345cf9d | 54 | .Op Fl u Ar len |
f54651ce | 55 | .Sh DESCRIPTION |
bf740959 | 56 | .Nm |
2c86906e | 57 | (SSH Daemon) is the daemon program for |
bf740959 | 58 | .Xr ssh 1 . |
3189621b | 59 | Together these programs replace rlogin and rsh, and |
bf740959 | 60 | provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts |
4fe2af09 | 61 | over an insecure network. |
62 | The programs are intended to be as easy to | |
bf740959 | 63 | install and use as possible. |
64 | .Pp | |
65 | .Nm | |
4fe2af09 | 66 | is the daemon that listens for connections from clients. |
f54651ce | 67 | It is normally started at boot from |
bf740959 | 68 | .Pa /etc/rc . |
69 | It forks a new | |
4fe2af09 | 70 | daemon for each incoming connection. |
71 | The forked daemons handle | |
bf740959 | 72 | key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution, |
73 | and data exchange. | |
1d1ffb87 | 74 | This implementation of |
75 | .Nm | |
76 | supports both SSH protocol version 1 and 2 simultaneously. | |
bf740959 | 77 | .Nm |
4fe2af09 | 78 | works as follows. |
1d1ffb87 | 79 | .Pp |
80 | .Ss SSH protocol version 1 | |
81 | .Pp | |
4fe2af09 | 82 | Each host has a host-specific RSA key |
83 | (normally 1024 bits) used to identify the host. | |
84 | Additionally, when | |
bf740959 | 85 | the daemon starts, it generates a server RSA key (normally 768 bits). |
86 | This key is normally regenerated every hour if it has been used, and | |
87 | is never stored on disk. | |
88 | .Pp | |
3189621b | 89 | Whenever a client connects the daemon responds with its public |
90 | host and server keys. | |
4fe2af09 | 91 | The client compares the |
1d1ffb87 | 92 | RSA host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed. |
4fe2af09 | 93 | The client then generates a 256 bit random number. |
94 | It encrypts this | |
bf740959 | 95 | random number using both the host key and the server key, and sends |
4fe2af09 | 96 | the encrypted number to the server. |
3189621b | 97 | Both sides then use this |
bf740959 | 98 | random number as a session key which is used to encrypt all further |
4fe2af09 | 99 | communications in the session. |
100 | The rest of the session is encrypted | |
3189621b | 101 | using a conventional cipher, currently Blowfish or 3DES, with 3DES |
7368a6c8 | 102 | being used by default. |
4fe2af09 | 103 | The client selects the encryption algorithm |
bf740959 | 104 | to use from those offered by the server. |
105 | .Pp | |
4fe2af09 | 106 | Next, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog. |
107 | The client tries to authenticate itself using | |
bf740959 | 108 | .Pa .rhosts |
109 | authentication, | |
110 | .Pa .rhosts | |
111 | authentication combined with RSA host | |
112 | authentication, RSA challenge-response authentication, or password | |
113 | based authentication. | |
114 | .Pp | |
115 | Rhosts authentication is normally disabled | |
116 | because it is fundamentally insecure, but can be enabled in the server | |
4fe2af09 | 117 | configuration file if desired. |
118 | System security is not improved unless | |
7e276482 | 119 | .Nm rshd , |
120 | .Nm rlogind , | |
bf740959 | 121 | and |
7e276482 | 122 | .Xr rexecd |
bf740959 | 123 | are disabled (thus completely disabling |
7e276482 | 124 | .Xr rlogin |
bf740959 | 125 | and |
7e276482 | 126 | .Xr rsh |
3189621b | 127 | into the machine). |
bf740959 | 128 | .Pp |
1d1ffb87 | 129 | .Ss SSH protocol version 2 |
130 | .Pp | |
c345cf9d | 131 | Version 2 works similarly: |
7f19f8bb | 132 | Each host has a host-specific key (RSA or DSA) used to identify the host. |
1d1ffb87 | 133 | However, when the daemon starts, it does not generate a server key. |
134 | Forward security is provided through a Diffie-Hellman key agreement. | |
135 | This key agreement results in a shared session key. | |
da89cf4d | 136 | .Pp |
51c251f0 | 137 | The rest of the session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher, currently |
da89cf4d | 138 | 128 bit AES, Blowfish, 3DES, CAST128, Arcfour, 192 bit AES, or 256 bit AES. |
1d1ffb87 | 139 | The client selects the encryption algorithm |
140 | to use from those offered by the server. | |
141 | Additionally, session integrity is provided | |
d0c832f3 | 142 | through a cryptographic message authentication code |
1d1ffb87 | 143 | (hmac-sha1 or hmac-md5). |
144 | .Pp | |
145 | Protocol version 2 provides a public key based | |
da89cf4d | 146 | user (PubkeyAuthentication) or |
147 | client host (HostbasedAuthentication) authentication method, | |
148 | conventional password authentication and challenge response based methods. | |
1d1ffb87 | 149 | .Pp |
150 | .Ss Command execution and data forwarding | |
151 | .Pp | |
bf740959 | 152 | If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for |
4fe2af09 | 153 | preparing the session is entered. |
154 | At this time the client may request | |
bf740959 | 155 | things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections, |
156 | forwarding TCP/IP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent | |
157 | connection over the secure channel. | |
158 | .Pp | |
159 | Finally, the client either requests a shell or execution of a command. | |
4fe2af09 | 160 | The sides then enter session mode. |
161 | In this mode, either side may send | |
bf740959 | 162 | data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or |
163 | command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side. | |
164 | .Pp | |
165 | When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other | |
166 | connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to | |
167 | the client, and both sides exit. | |
168 | .Pp | |
169 | .Nm | |
170 | can be configured using command-line options or a configuration | |
4fe2af09 | 171 | file. |
172 | Command-line options override values specified in the | |
bf740959 | 173 | configuration file. |
174 | .Pp | |
9d6b7add | 175 | .Nm |
176 | rereads its configuration file when it receives a hangup signal, | |
409edaba | 177 | .Dv SIGHUP , |
a5a2da3b | 178 | by executing itself with the name it was started as, i.e., |
409edaba | 179 | .Pa /usr/sbin/sshd . |
9d6b7add | 180 | .Pp |
bf740959 | 181 | The options are as follows: |
182 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
183 | .It Fl b Ar bits | |
da89cf4d | 184 | Specifies the number of bits in the ephemeral protocol version 1 |
185 | server key (default 768). | |
bf740959 | 186 | .It Fl d |
4fe2af09 | 187 | Debug mode. |
188 | The server sends verbose debug output to the system | |
189 | log, and does not put itself in the background. | |
190 | The server also will not fork and will only process one connection. | |
191 | This option is only intended for debugging for the server. | |
da89cf4d | 192 | Multiple -d options increase the debugging level. |
94ec8c6b | 193 | Maximum is 3. |
da89cf4d | 194 | .It Fl e |
195 | When this option is specified, | |
196 | .Nm | |
197 | will send the output to the standard error instead of the system log. | |
bf740959 | 198 | .It Fl f Ar configuration_file |
4fe2af09 | 199 | Specifies the name of the configuration file. |
200 | The default is | |
2a8a6488 | 201 | .Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config . |
bf740959 | 202 | .Nm |
203 | refuses to start if there is no configuration file. | |
204 | .It Fl g Ar login_grace_time | |
205 | Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default | |
6e0fbda1 | 206 | 60 seconds). |
4fe2af09 | 207 | If the client fails to authenticate the user within |
208 | this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits. | |
209 | A value of zero indicates no limit. | |
bf740959 | 210 | .It Fl h Ar host_key_file |
0f84fe37 | 211 | Specifies a file from which a host key is read. |
bf740959 | 212 | This option must be given if |
213 | .Nm | |
214 | is not run as root (as the normal | |
0f84fe37 | 215 | host key files are normally not readable by anyone but root). |
216 | The default is | |
2a8a6488 | 217 | .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key |
0f84fe37 | 218 | for protocol version 1, and |
2a8a6488 | 219 | .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key |
0f84fe37 | 220 | and |
2a8a6488 | 221 | .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key |
0f84fe37 | 222 | for protocol version 2. |
8abcdba4 | 223 | It is possible to have multiple host key files for |
da89cf4d | 224 | the different protocol versions and host key algorithms. |
bf740959 | 225 | .It Fl i |
226 | Specifies that | |
227 | .Nm | |
f54651ce | 228 | is being run from inetd. |
bf740959 | 229 | .Nm |
230 | is normally not run | |
231 | from inetd because it needs to generate the server key before it can | |
4fe2af09 | 232 | respond to the client, and this may take tens of seconds. |
233 | Clients would have to wait too long if the key was regenerated every time. | |
610cd5c6 | 234 | However, with small key sizes (e.g., 512) using |
bf740959 | 235 | .Nm |
236 | from inetd may | |
237 | be feasible. | |
238 | .It Fl k Ar key_gen_time | |
da89cf4d | 239 | Specifies how often the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key is |
240 | regenerated (default 3600 seconds, or one hour). | |
4fe2af09 | 241 | The motivation for regenerating the key fairly |
bf740959 | 242 | often is that the key is not stored anywhere, and after about an hour, |
243 | it becomes impossible to recover the key for decrypting intercepted | |
244 | communications even if the machine is cracked into or physically | |
4fe2af09 | 245 | seized. |
246 | A value of zero indicates that the key will never be regenerated. | |
2717fa0f | 247 | .It Fl o Ar option |
248 | Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file. | |
249 | This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate | |
250 | command-line flag. | |
bf740959 | 251 | .It Fl p Ar port |
252 | Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections | |
253 | (default 22). | |
135113a3 | 254 | Multiple port options are permitted. |
255 | Ports specified in the configuration file are ignored when a | |
256 | command-line port is specified. | |
bf740959 | 257 | .It Fl q |
4fe2af09 | 258 | Quiet mode. |
259 | Nothing is sent to the system log. | |
260 | Normally the beginning, | |
bf740959 | 261 | authentication, and termination of each connection is logged. |
f87f09aa | 262 | .It Fl t |
263 | Test mode. | |
264 | Only check the validity of the configuration file and sanity of the keys. | |
184eed6a | 265 | This is useful for updating |
f87f09aa | 266 | .Nm |
267 | reliably as configuration options may change. | |
c345cf9d | 268 | .It Fl u Ar len |
269 | This option is used to specify the size of the field | |
270 | in the | |
271 | .Li utmp | |
272 | structure that holds the remote host name. | |
273 | If the resolved host name is longer than | |
274 | .Ar len , | |
275 | the dotted decimal value will be used instead. | |
276 | This allows hosts with very long host names that | |
277 | overflow this field to still be uniquely identified. | |
278 | Specifying | |
279 | .Fl u0 | |
280 | indicates that only dotted decimal addresses | |
281 | should be put into the | |
282 | .Pa utmp | |
283 | file. | |
e675b851 | 284 | .Fl u0 |
285 | is also be used to prevent | |
286 | .Nm | |
287 | from making DNS requests unless the authentication | |
288 | mechanism or configuration requires it. | |
289 | Authentication mechanisms that may require DNS include | |
290 | .Cm RhostsAuthentication , | |
291 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication , | |
292 | .Cm HostbasedAuthentication | |
293 | and using a | |
294 | .Cm from="pattern-list" | |
295 | option in a key file. | |
f464aad8 | 296 | Configuration options that require DNS include using a |
297 | USER@HOST pattern in | |
298 | .Cm AllowUsers | |
299 | or | |
300 | .Cm DenyUsers . | |
8abcdba4 | 301 | .It Fl D |
302 | When this option is specified | |
303 | .Nm | |
304 | will not detach and does not become a daemon. | |
305 | This allows easy monitoring of | |
306 | .Nm sshd . | |
48e671d5 | 307 | .It Fl 4 |
308 | Forces | |
309 | .Nm | |
310 | to use IPv4 addresses only. | |
311 | .It Fl 6 | |
312 | Forces | |
313 | .Nm | |
314 | to use IPv6 addresses only. | |
bf740959 | 315 | .El |
316 | .Sh CONFIGURATION FILE | |
317 | .Nm | |
f54651ce | 318 | reads configuration data from |
2a8a6488 | 319 | .Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config |
bf740959 | 320 | (or the file specified with |
321 | .Fl f | |
4fe2af09 | 322 | on the command line). |
588df31a | 323 | The file format and configuration options are described in |
324 | .Xr sshd_config 5 . | |
bf740959 | 325 | .Sh LOGIN PROCESS |
326 | When a user successfully logs in, | |
327 | .Nm | |
328 | does the following: | |
329 | .Bl -enum -offset indent | |
330 | .It | |
331 | If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified, | |
f54651ce | 332 | prints last login time and |
bf740959 | 333 | .Pa /etc/motd |
334 | (unless prevented in the configuration file or by | |
335 | .Pa $HOME/.hushlogin ; | |
336 | see the | |
f54651ce | 337 | .Sx FILES |
bf740959 | 338 | section). |
339 | .It | |
340 | If the login is on a tty, records login time. | |
341 | .It | |
342 | Checks | |
343 | .Pa /etc/nologin ; | |
344 | if it exists, prints contents and quits | |
345 | (unless root). | |
346 | .It | |
347 | Changes to run with normal user privileges. | |
348 | .It | |
349 | Sets up basic environment. | |
350 | .It | |
351 | Reads | |
352 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment | |
6a342527 | 353 | if it exists and users are allowed to change their environment. |
35453849 | 354 | See the |
6a342527 | 355 | .Cm PermitUserEnvironment |
35453849 | 356 | option in |
6a342527 | 357 | .Xr sshd_config 5 . |
bf740959 | 358 | .It |
359 | Changes to user's home directory. | |
360 | .It | |
361 | If | |
362 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc | |
363 | exists, runs it; else if | |
af98ced9 | 364 | .Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc |
bf740959 | 365 | exists, runs |
4fe2af09 | 366 | it; otherwise runs xauth. |
367 | The | |
bf740959 | 368 | .Dq rc |
369 | files are given the X11 | |
370 | authentication protocol and cookie in standard input. | |
371 | .It | |
372 | Runs user's shell or command. | |
373 | .El | |
374 | .Sh AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT | |
bf740959 | 375 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys |
96a7b0cc | 376 | is the default file that lists the public keys that are |
377 | permitted for RSA authentication in protocol version 1 | |
378 | and for public key authentication (PubkeyAuthentication) | |
da89cf4d | 379 | in protocol version 2. |
96a7b0cc | 380 | .Cm AuthorizedKeysFile |
c8445989 | 381 | may be used to specify an alternative file. |
8abcdba4 | 382 | .Pp |
4fe2af09 | 383 | Each line of the file contains one |
bf740959 | 384 | key (empty lines and lines starting with a |
385 | .Ql # | |
386 | are ignored as | |
4fe2af09 | 387 | comments). |
8abcdba4 | 388 | Each RSA public key consists of the following fields, separated by |
4fe2af09 | 389 | spaces: options, bits, exponent, modulus, comment. |
8abcdba4 | 390 | Each protocol version 2 public key consists of: |
391 | options, keytype, base64 encoded key, comment. | |
755c4339 | 392 | The options field |
393 | is optional; its presence is determined by whether the line starts | |
394 | with a number or not (the options field never starts with a number). | |
8abcdba4 | 395 | The bits, exponent, modulus and comment fields give the RSA key for |
396 | protocol version 1; the | |
bf740959 | 397 | comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the |
398 | user to identify the key). | |
8abcdba4 | 399 | For protocol version 2 the keytype is |
400 | .Dq ssh-dss | |
401 | or | |
402 | .Dq ssh-rsa . | |
bf740959 | 403 | .Pp |
404 | Note that lines in this file are usually several hundred bytes long | |
755c4339 | 405 | (because of the size of the public key encoding). |
4fe2af09 | 406 | You don't want to type them in; instead, copy the |
c0ecc314 | 407 | .Pa identity.pub , |
8abcdba4 | 408 | .Pa id_dsa.pub |
c0ecc314 | 409 | or the |
410 | .Pa id_rsa.pub | |
bf740959 | 411 | file and edit it. |
412 | .Pp | |
3bc822df | 413 | .Nm |
414 | enforces a minimum RSA key modulus size for protocol 1 | |
415 | and protocol 2 keys of 768 bits. | |
416 | .Pp | |
c345cf9d | 417 | The options (if present) consist of comma-separated option |
4fe2af09 | 418 | specifications. |
419 | No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes. | |
54bf768d | 420 | The following option specifications are supported (note |
421 | that option keywords are case-insensitive): | |
bf740959 | 422 | .Bl -tag -width Ds |
423 | .It Cm from="pattern-list" | |
755c4339 | 424 | Specifies that in addition to public key authentication, the canonical name |
bf740959 | 425 | of the remote host must be present in the comma-separated list of |
4fe2af09 | 426 | patterns |
427 | .Pf ( Ql * | |
428 | and | |
429 | .Ql ? | |
430 | serve as wildcards). | |
431 | The list may also contain | |
432 | patterns negated by prefixing them with | |
433 | .Ql ! ; | |
434 | if the canonical host name matches a negated pattern, the key is not accepted. | |
435 | The purpose | |
755c4339 | 436 | of this option is to optionally increase security: public key authentication |
bf740959 | 437 | by itself does not trust the network or name servers or anything (but |
438 | the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key | |
4fe2af09 | 439 | permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world. |
440 | This additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name | |
bf740959 | 441 | servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to |
442 | just the key). | |
443 | .It Cm command="command" | |
444 | Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for | |
4fe2af09 | 445 | authentication. |
446 | The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored. | |
9658ecbc | 447 | The command is run on a pty if the client requests a pty; |
4fe2af09 | 448 | otherwise it is run without a tty. |
91789042 | 449 | If a 8-bit clean channel is required, |
450 | one must not request a pty or should specify | |
61e96248 | 451 | .Cm no-pty . |
4fe2af09 | 452 | A quote may be included in the command by quoting it with a backslash. |
453 | This option might be useful | |
755c4339 | 454 | to restrict certain public keys to perform just a specific operation. |
4fe2af09 | 455 | An example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing else. |
d0c832f3 | 456 | Note that the client may specify TCP/IP and/or X11 |
457 | forwarding unless they are explicitly prohibited. | |
4cdbc654 | 458 | Note that this option applies to shell, command or subsystem execution. |
bf740959 | 459 | .It Cm environment="NAME=value" |
460 | Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when | |
4fe2af09 | 461 | logging in using this key. |
462 | Environment variables set this way | |
463 | override other default environment values. | |
464 | Multiple options of this type are permitted. | |
35453849 | 465 | Environment processing is disabled by default and is |
466 | controlled via the | |
467 | .Cm PermitUserEnvironment | |
468 | option. | |
2548961d | 469 | This option is automatically disabled if |
470 | .Cm UseLogin | |
471 | is enabled. | |
bf740959 | 472 | .It Cm no-port-forwarding |
473 | Forbids TCP/IP forwarding when this key is used for authentication. | |
4fe2af09 | 474 | Any port forward requests by the client will return an error. |
475 | This might be used, e.g., in connection with the | |
bf740959 | 476 | .Cm command |
477 | option. | |
478 | .It Cm no-X11-forwarding | |
479 | Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication. | |
480 | Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error. | |
481 | .It Cm no-agent-forwarding | |
482 | Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for | |
483 | authentication. | |
484 | .It Cm no-pty | |
485 | Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail). | |
dc504afd | 486 | .It Cm permitopen="host:port" |
3730bb22 | 487 | Limit local |
dc504afd | 488 | .Li ``ssh -L'' |
b2ae83b8 | 489 | port forwarding such that it may only connect to the specified host and |
ed787d14 | 490 | port. |
491 | IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax: | |
492 | .Ar host/port . | |
493 | Multiple | |
dc504afd | 494 | .Cm permitopen |
3730bb22 | 495 | options may be applied separated by commas. No pattern matching is |
496 | performed on the specified hostnames, they must be literal domains or | |
dc504afd | 497 | addresses. |
bf740959 | 498 | .El |
499 | .Ss Examples | |
500 | 1024 33 12121.\|.\|.\|312314325 ylo@foo.bar | |
501 | .Pp | |
502 | from="*.niksula.hut.fi,!pc.niksula.hut.fi" 1024 35 23.\|.\|.\|2334 ylo@niksula | |
503 | .Pp | |
504 | command="dump /home",no-pty,no-port-forwarding 1024 33 23.\|.\|.\|2323 backup.hut.fi | |
dc504afd | 505 | .Pp |
506 | permitopen="10.2.1.55:80",permitopen="10.2.1.56:25" 1024 33 23.\|.\|.\|2323 | |
bf740959 | 507 | .Sh SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT |
f54651ce | 508 | The |
2a8a6488 | 509 | .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts , |
f54651ce | 510 | and |
f49bc4f7 | 511 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts |
4fe2af09 | 512 | files contain host public keys for all known hosts. |
513 | The global file should | |
514 | be prepared by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is | |
c345cf9d | 515 | maintained automatically: whenever the user connects from an unknown host |
4fe2af09 | 516 | its key is added to the per-user file. |
bf740959 | 517 | .Pp |
518 | Each line in these files contains the following fields: hostnames, | |
4fe2af09 | 519 | bits, exponent, modulus, comment. |
520 | The fields are separated by spaces. | |
bf740959 | 521 | .Pp |
522 | Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns ('*' and '?' act as | |
523 | wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the canonical host | |
524 | name (when authenticating a client) or against the user-supplied | |
4fe2af09 | 525 | name (when authenticating a server). |
526 | A pattern may also be preceded by | |
bf740959 | 527 | .Ql ! |
528 | to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated | |
529 | pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another | |
530 | pattern on the line. | |
531 | .Pp | |
1d1ffb87 | 532 | Bits, exponent, and modulus are taken directly from the RSA host key; they |
bf740959 | 533 | can be obtained, e.g., from |
2a8a6488 | 534 | .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub . |
bf740959 | 535 | The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used. |
536 | .Pp | |
537 | Lines starting with | |
538 | .Ql # | |
539 | and empty lines are ignored as comments. | |
540 | .Pp | |
541 | When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any | |
4fe2af09 | 542 | matching line has the proper key. |
543 | It is thus permissible (but not | |
bf740959 | 544 | recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same |
4fe2af09 | 545 | names. |
546 | This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names | |
547 | from different domains are put in the file. | |
548 | It is possible | |
bf740959 | 549 | that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is |
550 | accepted if valid information can be found from either file. | |
551 | .Pp | |
552 | Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters | |
553 | long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand. | |
554 | Rather, generate them by a script | |
f54651ce | 555 | or by taking |
2a8a6488 | 556 | .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub |
bf740959 | 557 | and adding the host names at the front. |
558 | .Ss Examples | |
da89cf4d | 559 | .Bd -literal |
560 | closenet,.\|.\|.\|,130.233.208.41 1024 37 159.\|.\|.93 closenet.hut.fi | |
561 | cvs.openbsd.org,199.185.137.3 ssh-rsa AAAA1234.....= | |
562 | .Ed | |
bf740959 | 563 | .Sh FILES |
564 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
2a8a6488 | 565 | .It Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config |
bf740959 | 566 | Contains configuration data for |
567 | .Nm sshd . | |
588df31a | 568 | The file format and configuration options are described in |
569 | .Xr sshd_config 5 . | |
2a8a6488 | 570 | .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key |
da89cf4d | 571 | These three files contain the private parts of the host keys. |
b8dc87d3 | 572 | These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not |
bf740959 | 573 | accessible to others. |
574 | Note that | |
575 | .Nm | |
576 | does not start if this file is group/world-accessible. | |
2a8a6488 | 577 | .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub |
da89cf4d | 578 | These three files contain the public parts of the host keys. |
b8dc87d3 | 579 | These files should be world-readable but writable only by |
4fe2af09 | 580 | root. |
b8dc87d3 | 581 | Their contents should match the respective private parts. |
582 | These files are not | |
583 | really used for anything; they are provided for the convenience of | |
584 | the user so their contents can be copied to known hosts files. | |
585 | These files are created using | |
bf740959 | 586 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 . |
e2432638 | 587 | .It Pa /etc/moduli |
c523303b | 588 | Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange". |
75653d3e | 589 | .It Pa /var/empty |
590 | .Xr chroot 2 | |
591 | directory used by | |
592 | .Nm | |
593 | during privilege separation in the pre-authentication phase. | |
594 | The directory should not contain any files and must be owned by root | |
595 | and not group or world-writable. | |
5f4fdfae | 596 | .It Pa /var/run/sshd.pid |
bf740959 | 597 | Contains the process ID of the |
598 | .Nm | |
599 | listening for connections (if there are several daemons running | |
baa08b92 | 600 | concurrently for different ports, this contains the process ID of the one |
4fe2af09 | 601 | started last). |
c345cf9d | 602 | The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-readable. |
bf740959 | 603 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys |
da89cf4d | 604 | Lists the public keys (RSA or DSA) that can be used to log into the user's account. |
1d1ffb87 | 605 | This file must be readable by root (which may on some machines imply |
606 | it being world-readable if the user's home directory resides on an NFS | |
607 | volume). | |
608 | It is recommended that it not be accessible by others. | |
609 | The format of this file is described above. | |
610 | Users will place the contents of their | |
96a7b0cc | 611 | .Pa identity.pub , |
1d1ffb87 | 612 | .Pa id_dsa.pub |
c0ecc314 | 613 | and/or |
614 | .Pa id_rsa.pub | |
1d1ffb87 | 615 | files into this file, as described in |
616 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 . | |
2a8a6488 | 617 | .It Pa "/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts" and "$HOME/.ssh/known_hosts" |
6a17f9c2 | 618 | These files are consulted when using rhosts with RSA host |
f49bc4f7 | 619 | authentication or protocol version 2 hostbased authentication |
620 | to check the public key of the host. | |
4fe2af09 | 621 | The key must be listed in one of these files to be accepted. |
5bbb5681 | 622 | The client uses the same files |
e91c60f2 | 623 | to verify that it is connecting to the correct remote host. |
4fe2af09 | 624 | These files should be writable only by root/the owner. |
2a8a6488 | 625 | .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts |
bf740959 | 626 | should be world-readable, and |
627 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts | |
628 | can but need not be world-readable. | |
629 | .It Pa /etc/nologin | |
f54651ce | 630 | If this file exists, |
bf740959 | 631 | .Nm |
4fe2af09 | 632 | refuses to let anyone except root log in. |
633 | The contents of the file | |
bf740959 | 634 | are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are |
4fe2af09 | 635 | refused. |
636 | The file should be world-readable. | |
bf740959 | 637 | .It Pa /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny |
5b263aae | 638 | Access controls that should be enforced by tcp-wrappers are defined here. |
639 | Further details are described in | |
bf740959 | 640 | .Xr hosts_access 5 . |
641 | .It Pa $HOME/.rhosts | |
642 | This file contains host-username pairs, separated by a space, one per | |
4fe2af09 | 643 | line. |
644 | The given user on the corresponding host is permitted to log in | |
645 | without password. | |
646 | The same file is used by rlogind and rshd. | |
bf740959 | 647 | The file must |
648 | be writable only by the user; it is recommended that it not be | |
649 | accessible by others. | |
650 | .Pp | |
4fe2af09 | 651 | If is also possible to use netgroups in the file. |
652 | Either host or user | |
bf740959 | 653 | name may be of the form +@groupname to specify all hosts or all users |
654 | in the group. | |
655 | .It Pa $HOME/.shosts | |
656 | For ssh, | |
657 | this file is exactly the same as for | |
658 | .Pa .rhosts . | |
659 | However, this file is | |
660 | not used by rlogin and rshd, so using this permits access using SSH only. | |
c345cf9d | 661 | .It Pa /etc/hosts.equiv |
bf740959 | 662 | This file is used during |
663 | .Pa .rhosts | |
4fe2af09 | 664 | authentication. |
665 | In the simplest form, this file contains host names, one per line. | |
666 | Users on | |
bf740959 | 667 | those hosts are permitted to log in without a password, provided they |
4fe2af09 | 668 | have the same user name on both machines. |
669 | The host name may also be | |
bf740959 | 670 | followed by a user name; such users are permitted to log in as |
671 | .Em any | |
4fe2af09 | 672 | user on this machine (except root). |
673 | Additionally, the syntax | |
bf740959 | 674 | .Dq +@group |
4fe2af09 | 675 | can be used to specify netgroups. |
676 | Negated entries start with | |
bf740959 | 677 | .Ql \&- . |
678 | .Pp | |
679 | If the client host/user is successfully matched in this file, login is | |
680 | automatically permitted provided the client and server user names are the | |
4fe2af09 | 681 | same. |
682 | Additionally, successful RSA host authentication is normally required. | |
683 | This file must be writable only by root; it is recommended | |
bf740959 | 684 | that it be world-readable. |
685 | .Pp | |
686 | .Sy "Warning: It is almost never a good idea to use user names in" | |
687 | .Pa hosts.equiv . | |
688 | Beware that it really means that the named user(s) can log in as | |
689 | .Em anybody , | |
690 | which includes bin, daemon, adm, and other accounts that own critical | |
4fe2af09 | 691 | binaries and directories. |
692 | Using a user name practically grants the user root access. | |
693 | The only valid use for user names that I can think | |
bf740959 | 694 | of is in negative entries. |
695 | .Pp | |
696 | Note that this warning also applies to rsh/rlogin. | |
5f4fdfae | 697 | .It Pa /etc/shosts.equiv |
bf740959 | 698 | This is processed exactly as |
699 | .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv . | |
700 | However, this file may be useful in environments that want to run both | |
701 | rsh/rlogin and ssh. | |
702 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment | |
4fe2af09 | 703 | This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists). |
704 | It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with | |
bf740959 | 705 | .Ql # ) , |
4fe2af09 | 706 | and assignment lines of the form name=value. |
707 | The file should be writable | |
bf740959 | 708 | only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else. |
35453849 | 709 | Environment processing is disabled by default and is |
710 | controlled via the | |
711 | .Cm PermitUserEnvironment | |
712 | option. | |
bf740959 | 713 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc |
714 | If this file exists, it is run with /bin/sh after reading the | |
4fe2af09 | 715 | environment files but before starting the user's shell or command. |
d4c6ddff | 716 | It must not produce any output on stdout; stderr must be used |
717 | instead. | |
718 | If X11 forwarding is in use, it will receive the "proto cookie" pair in | |
719 | its standard input (and | |
bf740959 | 720 | .Ev DISPLAY |
d4c6ddff | 721 | in its environment). |
722 | The script must call | |
bf740959 | 723 | .Xr xauth 1 |
d4c6ddff | 724 | because |
725 | .Nm | |
726 | will not run xauth automatically to add X11 cookies. | |
bf740959 | 727 | .Pp |
728 | The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines | |
729 | which may be needed before the user's home directory becomes | |
730 | accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment. | |
731 | .Pp | |
732 | This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by | |
da89cf4d | 733 | something similar to: |
734 | .Bd -literal | |
d4c6ddff | 735 | if read proto cookie && [ -n "$DISPLAY" ]; then |
736 | if [ `echo $DISPLAY | cut -c1-10` = 'localhost:' ]; then | |
737 | # X11UseLocalhost=yes | |
738 | xauth add unix:`echo $DISPLAY | | |
739 | cut -c11-` $proto $cookie | |
740 | else | |
741 | # X11UseLocalhost=no | |
742 | xauth add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie | |
da89cf4d | 743 | fi |
d4c6ddff | 744 | fi |
da89cf4d | 745 | .Ed |
bf740959 | 746 | .Pp |
747 | If this file does not exist, | |
2a8a6488 | 748 | .Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc |
bf740959 | 749 | is run, and if that |
d4c6ddff | 750 | does not exist either, xauth is used to add the cookie. |
bf740959 | 751 | .Pp |
752 | This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be | |
753 | readable by anyone else. | |
2a8a6488 | 754 | .It Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc |
bf740959 | 755 | Like |
756 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc . | |
757 | This can be used to specify | |
4fe2af09 | 758 | machine-specific login-time initializations globally. |
759 | This file should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable. | |
089fbbd2 | 760 | .El |
fa08c86b | 761 | .Sh AUTHORS |
7f5c4295 | 762 | OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free |
763 | ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. | |
764 | Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, | |
765 | Theo de Raadt and Dug Song | |
766 | removed many bugs, re-added newer features and | |
767 | created OpenSSH. | |
768 | Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH | |
769 | protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. | |
ce19ff48 | 770 | Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support |
771 | for privilege separation. | |
bf740959 | 772 | .Sh SEE ALSO |
bf740959 | 773 | .Xr scp 1 , |
61e96248 | 774 | .Xr sftp 1 , |
bf740959 | 775 | .Xr ssh 1 , |
776 | .Xr ssh-add 1 , | |
777 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 , | |
778 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 , | |
248bad82 | 779 | .Xr login.conf 5 , |
780 | .Xr moduli 5 , | |
588df31a | 781 | .Xr sshd_config 5 , |
a5a2da3b | 782 | .Xr sftp-server 8 |
2cad6cef | 783 | .Rs |
784 | .%A T. Ylonen | |
785 | .%A T. Kivinen | |
786 | .%A M. Saarinen | |
787 | .%A T. Rinne | |
788 | .%A S. Lehtinen | |
789 | .%T "SSH Protocol Architecture" | |
17f5e68a | 790 | .%N draft-ietf-secsh-architecture-12.txt |
791 | .%D January 2002 | |
2cad6cef | 792 | .%O work in progress material |
793 | .Re | |
da89cf4d | 794 | .Rs |
795 | .%A M. Friedl | |
796 | .%A N. Provos | |
797 | .%A W. A. Simpson | |
798 | .%T "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the SSH Transport Layer Protocol" | |
17f5e68a | 799 | .%N draft-ietf-secsh-dh-group-exchange-02.txt |
800 | .%D January 2002 | |
da89cf4d | 801 | .%O work in progress material |
802 | .Re |