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bf740959 | 1 | .\" -*- nroff -*- |
2 | .\" | |
bf740959 | 3 | .\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi> |
bf740959 | 4 | .\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland |
5 | .\" All rights reserved | |
6 | .\" | |
bcbf86ec | 7 | .\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software |
8 | .\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this | |
9 | .\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is | |
10 | .\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be | |
11 | .\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell". | |
12 | .\" | |
f3c7c613 | 13 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved. |
14 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved. | |
15 | .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved. | |
bcbf86ec | 16 | .\" |
17 | .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without | |
18 | .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions | |
19 | .\" are met: | |
20 | .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright | |
21 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. | |
22 | .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright | |
23 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the | |
24 | .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. | |
bf740959 | 25 | .\" |
bcbf86ec | 26 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR |
27 | .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES | |
28 | .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. | |
29 | .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, | |
30 | .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT | |
31 | .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, | |
32 | .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY | |
33 | .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT | |
34 | .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF | |
35 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. | |
bf740959 | 36 | .\" |
cf5a07a8 | 37 | .\" $OpenBSD: ssh.1,v 1.144 2002/01/16 17:42:33 stevesk Exp $ |
bf740959 | 38 | .Dd September 25, 1999 |
39 | .Dt SSH 1 | |
40 | .Os | |
41 | .Sh NAME | |
42 | .Nm ssh | |
2c86906e | 43 | .Nd OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program) |
bf740959 | 44 | .Sh SYNOPSIS |
45 | .Nm ssh | |
46 | .Op Fl l Ar login_name | |
c78e5800 | 47 | .Ar hostname | user@hostname |
bf740959 | 48 | .Op Ar command |
49 | .Pp | |
50 | .Nm ssh | |
9afadca8 | 51 | .Op Fl afgknqstvxACNPTX1246 |
3435f5a6 | 52 | .Op Fl b Ar bind_address |
d0c832f3 | 53 | .Op Fl c Ar cipher_spec |
bf740959 | 54 | .Op Fl e Ar escape_char |
55 | .Op Fl i Ar identity_file | |
56 | .Op Fl l Ar login_name | |
b2552997 | 57 | .Op Fl m Ar mac_spec |
bf740959 | 58 | .Op Fl o Ar option |
59 | .Op Fl p Ar port | |
e591b98a | 60 | .Op Fl F Ar configfile |
bf740959 | 61 | .Oo Fl L Xo |
62 | .Sm off | |
bf740959 | 63 | .Ar port : |
7b2ea3a1 | 64 | .Ar host : |
bf740959 | 65 | .Ar hostport |
66 | .Sm on | |
67 | .Xc | |
68 | .Oc | |
69 | .Oo Fl R Xo | |
70 | .Sm off | |
bf740959 | 71 | .Ar port : |
7b2ea3a1 | 72 | .Ar host : |
bf740959 | 73 | .Ar hostport |
74 | .Sm on | |
75 | .Xc | |
76 | .Oc | |
ad3e169f | 77 | .Op Fl D Ar port |
c78e5800 | 78 | .Ar hostname | user@hostname |
bf740959 | 79 | .Op Ar command |
f54651ce | 80 | .Sh DESCRIPTION |
bf740959 | 81 | .Nm |
2c86906e | 82 | (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for |
610cd5c6 | 83 | executing commands on a remote machine. |
84 | It is intended to replace | |
bf740959 | 85 | rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between |
610cd5c6 | 86 | two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. |
87 | X11 connections and | |
bf740959 | 88 | arbitrary TCP/IP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel. |
89 | .Pp | |
90 | .Nm | |
f54651ce | 91 | connects and logs into the specified |
bf740959 | 92 | .Ar hostname . |
93 | The user must prove | |
1d1ffb87 | 94 | his/her identity to the remote machine using one of several methods |
95 | depending on the protocol version used: | |
96 | .Pp | |
97 | .Ss SSH protocol version 1 | |
bf740959 | 98 | .Pp |
99 | First, if the machine the user logs in from is listed in | |
100 | .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv | |
101 | or | |
5f4fdfae | 102 | .Pa /etc/shosts.equiv |
bf740959 | 103 | on the remote machine, and the user names are |
104 | the same on both sides, the user is immediately permitted to log in. | |
f54651ce | 105 | Second, if |
bf740959 | 106 | .Pa \&.rhosts |
107 | or | |
108 | .Pa \&.shosts | |
109 | exists in the user's home directory on the | |
110 | remote machine and contains a line containing the name of the client | |
111 | machine and the name of the user on that machine, the user is | |
610cd5c6 | 112 | permitted to log in. |
113 | This form of authentication alone is normally not | |
bf740959 | 114 | allowed by the server because it is not secure. |
115 | .Pp | |
da89cf4d | 116 | The second authentication method is the |
bf740959 | 117 | .Pa rhosts |
118 | or | |
119 | .Pa hosts.equiv | |
610cd5c6 | 120 | method combined with RSA-based host authentication. |
121 | It means that if the login would be permitted by | |
1d1ffb87 | 122 | .Pa $HOME/.rhosts , |
123 | .Pa $HOME/.shosts , | |
bf740959 | 124 | .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv , |
125 | or | |
5f4fdfae | 126 | .Pa /etc/shosts.equiv , |
bf740959 | 127 | and if additionally the server can verify the client's |
f54651ce | 128 | host key (see |
5f4fdfae | 129 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts |
5bbb5681 | 130 | and |
131 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts | |
bf740959 | 132 | in the |
133 | .Sx FILES | |
610cd5c6 | 134 | section), only then login is permitted. |
135 | This authentication method closes security holes due to IP | |
136 | spoofing, DNS spoofing and routing spoofing. | |
137 | [Note to the administrator: | |
bf740959 | 138 | .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv , |
1d1ffb87 | 139 | .Pa $HOME/.rhosts , |
bf740959 | 140 | and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be |
141 | disabled if security is desired.] | |
142 | .Pp | |
f54651ce | 143 | As a third authentication method, |
bf740959 | 144 | .Nm |
145 | supports RSA based authentication. | |
146 | The scheme is based on public-key cryptography: there are cryptosystems | |
147 | where encryption and decryption are done using separate keys, and it | |
148 | is not possible to derive the decryption key from the encryption key. | |
610cd5c6 | 149 | RSA is one such system. |
f54651ce | 150 | The idea is that each user creates a public/private |
610cd5c6 | 151 | key pair for authentication purposes. |
152 | The server knows the public key, and only the user knows the private key. | |
f54651ce | 153 | The file |
bf740959 | 154 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys |
155 | lists the public keys that are permitted for logging | |
610cd5c6 | 156 | in. |
157 | When the user logs in, the | |
bf740959 | 158 | .Nm |
159 | program tells the server which key pair it would like to use for | |
610cd5c6 | 160 | authentication. |
161 | The server checks if this key is permitted, and if | |
bf740959 | 162 | so, sends the user (actually the |
163 | .Nm | |
164 | program running on behalf of the user) a challenge, a random number, | |
610cd5c6 | 165 | encrypted by the user's public key. |
166 | The challenge can only be | |
167 | decrypted using the proper private key. | |
168 | The user's client then decrypts the | |
bf740959 | 169 | challenge using the private key, proving that he/she knows the private |
170 | key but without disclosing it to the server. | |
171 | .Pp | |
172 | .Nm | |
610cd5c6 | 173 | implements the RSA authentication protocol automatically. |
174 | The user creates his/her RSA key pair by running | |
bf740959 | 175 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 . |
f54651ce | 176 | This stores the private key in |
1d1ffb87 | 177 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity |
bf740959 | 178 | and the public key in |
1d1ffb87 | 179 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity.pub |
610cd5c6 | 180 | in the user's home directory. |
181 | The user should then copy the | |
bf740959 | 182 | .Pa identity.pub |
f54651ce | 183 | to |
1d1ffb87 | 184 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys |
f54651ce | 185 | in his/her home directory on the remote machine (the |
bf740959 | 186 | .Pa authorized_keys |
f54651ce | 187 | file corresponds to the conventional |
1d1ffb87 | 188 | .Pa $HOME/.rhosts |
bf740959 | 189 | file, and has one key |
610cd5c6 | 190 | per line, though the lines can be very long). |
191 | After this, the user can log in without giving the password. | |
192 | RSA authentication is much | |
bf740959 | 193 | more secure than rhosts authentication. |
194 | .Pp | |
195 | The most convenient way to use RSA authentication may be with an | |
610cd5c6 | 196 | authentication agent. |
197 | See | |
bf740959 | 198 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 |
199 | for more information. | |
200 | .Pp | |
f54651ce | 201 | If other authentication methods fail, |
bf740959 | 202 | .Nm |
610cd5c6 | 203 | prompts the user for a password. |
204 | The password is sent to the remote | |
bf740959 | 205 | host for checking; however, since all communications are encrypted, |
206 | the password cannot be seen by someone listening on the network. | |
207 | .Pp | |
1d1ffb87 | 208 | .Ss SSH protocol version 2 |
209 | .Pp | |
210 | When a user connects using the protocol version 2 | |
da89cf4d | 211 | different authentication methods are available. |
212 | Using the default values for | |
213 | .Cm PreferredAuthentications , | |
29c440a0 | 214 | the client will try to authenticate first using the hostbased method; |
215 | if this method fails public key authentication is attempted, | |
216 | and finally if this method fails keyboard-interactive and | |
217 | password authentication are tried. | |
1d1ffb87 | 218 | .Pp |
219 | The public key method is similar to RSA authentication described | |
da89cf4d | 220 | in the previous section and allows the RSA or DSA algorithm to be used: |
c0ecc314 | 221 | The client uses his private key, |
1d1ffb87 | 222 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa |
c0ecc314 | 223 | or |
224 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa , | |
1d1ffb87 | 225 | to sign the session identifier and sends the result to the server. |
226 | The server checks whether the matching public key is listed in | |
96a7b0cc | 227 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys |
1d1ffb87 | 228 | and grants access if both the key is found and the signature is correct. |
229 | The session identifier is derived from a shared Diffie-Hellman value | |
230 | and is only known to the client and the server. | |
231 | .Pp | |
232 | If public key authentication fails or is not available a password | |
233 | can be sent encrypted to the remote host for proving the user's identity. | |
da89cf4d | 234 | .Pp |
235 | Additionally, | |
236 | .Nm | |
237 | supports hostbased or challenge response authentication. | |
1d1ffb87 | 238 | .Pp |
239 | Protocol 2 provides additional mechanisms for confidentiality | |
d0c832f3 | 240 | (the traffic is encrypted using 3DES, Blowfish, CAST128 or Arcfour) |
f2ba0775 | 241 | and integrity (hmac-md5, hmac-sha1). |
1d1ffb87 | 242 | Note that protocol 1 lacks a strong mechanism for ensuring the |
243 | integrity of the connection. | |
244 | .Pp | |
245 | .Ss Login session and remote execution | |
246 | .Pp | |
bf740959 | 247 | When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server |
248 | either executes the given command, or logs into the machine and gives | |
610cd5c6 | 249 | the user a normal shell on the remote machine. |
250 | All communication with | |
bf740959 | 251 | the remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted. |
252 | .Pp | |
253 | If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated (normal login session), the | |
df841692 | 254 | user may use the escape characters noted below. |
bf740959 | 255 | .Pp |
256 | If no pseudo tty has been allocated, the | |
257 | session is transparent and can be used to reliably transfer binary | |
610cd5c6 | 258 | data. |
259 | On most systems, setting the escape character to | |
bf740959 | 260 | .Dq none |
261 | will also make the session transparent even if a tty is used. | |
262 | .Pp | |
ce9c0b75 | 263 | The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote |
e91c60f2 | 264 | machine exits and all X11 and TCP/IP connections have been closed. |
bf740959 | 265 | The exit status of the remote program is returned as the exit status |
266 | of | |
267 | .Nm ssh . | |
268 | .Pp | |
df841692 | 269 | .Ss Escape Characters |
270 | .Pp | |
271 | When a pseudo terminal has been requested, ssh supports a number of functions | |
3730bb22 | 272 | through the use of an escape character. |
df841692 | 273 | .Pp |
274 | A single tilde character can be sent as | |
275 | .Ic ~~ | |
5bef3c35 | 276 | or by following the tilde by a character other than those described below. |
df841692 | 277 | The escape character must always follow a newline to be interpreted as |
278 | special. | |
279 | The escape character can be changed in configuration files using the | |
280 | .Cm EscapeChar | |
3730bb22 | 281 | configuration directive or on the command line by the |
df841692 | 282 | .Fl e |
283 | option. | |
284 | .Pp | |
285 | The supported escapes (assuming the default | |
286 | .Ql ~ ) | |
287 | are: | |
288 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
289 | .It Cm ~. | |
290 | Disconnect | |
291 | .It Cm ~^Z | |
292 | Background ssh | |
293 | .It Cm ~# | |
294 | List forwarded connections | |
295 | .It Cm ~& | |
296 | Background ssh at logout when waiting for forwarded connection / X11 sessions | |
03cf595c | 297 | to terminate |
df841692 | 298 | .It Cm ~? |
299 | Display a list of escape characters | |
300 | .It Cm ~R | |
67b964a1 | 301 | Request rekeying of the connection (only useful for SSH protocol version 2 |
302 | and if the peer supports it) | |
df841692 | 303 | .El |
304 | .Pp | |
1d1ffb87 | 305 | .Ss X11 and TCP forwarding |
306 | .Pp | |
6efa3d14 | 307 | If the |
308 | .Cm ForwardX11 | |
309 | variable is set to | |
310 | .Dq yes | |
311 | (or, see the description of the | |
312 | .Fl X | |
313 | and | |
314 | .Fl x | |
315 | options described later) | |
316 | and the user is using X11 (the | |
bf740959 | 317 | .Ev DISPLAY |
318 | environment variable is set), the connection to the X11 display is | |
319 | automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any X11 | |
320 | programs started from the shell (or command) will go through the | |
321 | encrypted channel, and the connection to the real X server will be made | |
610cd5c6 | 322 | from the local machine. |
323 | The user should not manually set | |
bf740959 | 324 | .Ev DISPLAY . |
325 | Forwarding of X11 connections can be | |
326 | configured on the command line or in configuration files. | |
327 | .Pp | |
328 | The | |
f54651ce | 329 | .Ev DISPLAY |
bf740959 | 330 | value set by |
331 | .Nm | |
332 | will point to the server machine, but with a display number greater | |
610cd5c6 | 333 | than zero. |
334 | This is normal, and happens because | |
bf740959 | 335 | .Nm |
336 | creates a | |
337 | .Dq proxy | |
338 | X server on the server machine for forwarding the | |
339 | connections over the encrypted channel. | |
340 | .Pp | |
341 | .Nm | |
342 | will also automatically set up Xauthority data on the server machine. | |
343 | For this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie, | |
344 | store it in Xauthority on the server, and verify that any forwarded | |
345 | connections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when | |
610cd5c6 | 346 | the connection is opened. |
347 | The real authentication cookie is never | |
bf740959 | 348 | sent to the server machine (and no cookies are sent in the plain). |
349 | .Pp | |
350 | If the user is using an authentication agent, the connection to the agent | |
351 | is automatically forwarded to the remote side unless disabled on | |
491f5f7b | 352 | the command line or in a configuration file. |
bf740959 | 353 | .Pp |
354 | Forwarding of arbitrary TCP/IP connections over the secure channel can | |
491f5f7b | 355 | be specified either on the command line or in a configuration file. |
610cd5c6 | 356 | One possible application of TCP/IP forwarding is a secure connection to an |
e91c60f2 | 357 | electronic purse; another is going through firewalls. |
bf740959 | 358 | .Pp |
1d1ffb87 | 359 | .Ss Server authentication |
360 | .Pp | |
bf740959 | 361 | .Nm |
1d1ffb87 | 362 | automatically maintains and checks a database containing |
610cd5c6 | 363 | identifications for all hosts it has ever been used with. |
f49bc4f7 | 364 | Host keys are stored in |
1d1ffb87 | 365 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts |
610cd5c6 | 366 | in the user's home directory. |
f49bc4f7 | 367 | Additionally, the file |
5f4fdfae | 368 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts |
f49bc4f7 | 369 | is automatically checked for known hosts. |
610cd5c6 | 370 | Any new hosts are automatically added to the user's file. |
371 | If a host's identification | |
bf740959 | 372 | ever changes, |
373 | .Nm | |
374 | warns about this and disables password authentication to prevent a | |
610cd5c6 | 375 | trojan horse from getting the user's password. |
376 | Another purpose of | |
bf740959 | 377 | this mechanism is to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks which could |
610cd5c6 | 378 | otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption. |
379 | The | |
bf740959 | 380 | .Cm StrictHostKeyChecking |
381 | option (see below) can be used to prevent logins to machines whose | |
382 | host key is not known or has changed. | |
fa08c86b | 383 | .Pp |
384 | The options are as follows: | |
bf740959 | 385 | .Bl -tag -width Ds |
386 | .It Fl a | |
4fe2af09 | 387 | Disables forwarding of the authentication agent connection. |
71276795 | 388 | .It Fl A |
389 | Enables forwarding of the authentication agent connection. | |
390 | This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file. | |
3435f5a6 | 391 | .It Fl b Ar bind_address |
392 | Specify the interface to transmit from on machines with multiple | |
393 | interfaces or aliased addresses. | |
29999e54 | 394 | .It Fl c Ar blowfish|3des|des |
f54651ce | 395 | Selects the cipher to use for encrypting the session. |
bf740959 | 396 | .Ar 3des |
610cd5c6 | 397 | is used by default. |
f54651ce | 398 | It is believed to be secure. |
bf740959 | 399 | .Ar 3des |
400 | (triple-des) is an encrypt-decrypt-encrypt triple with three different keys. | |
bf740959 | 401 | .Ar blowfish |
402 | is a fast block cipher, it appears very secure and is much faster than | |
610cd5c6 | 403 | .Ar 3des . |
29999e54 | 404 | .Ar des |
405 | is only supported in the | |
406 | .Nm | |
407 | client for interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations | |
408 | that do not support the | |
409 | .Ar 3des | |
410 | cipher. Its use is strongly discouraged due to cryptographic | |
411 | weaknesses. | |
9afadca8 | 412 | .It Fl c Ar cipher_spec |
d0c832f3 | 413 | Additionally, for protocol version 2 a comma-separated list of ciphers can |
94ec8c6b | 414 | be specified in order of preference. |
9afadca8 | 415 | See |
416 | .Cm Ciphers | |
417 | for more information. | |
bf740959 | 418 | .It Fl e Ar ch|^ch|none |
419 | Sets the escape character for sessions with a pty (default: | |
420 | .Ql ~ ) . | |
610cd5c6 | 421 | The escape character is only recognized at the beginning of a line. |
422 | The escape character followed by a dot | |
bf740959 | 423 | .Pq Ql \&. |
424 | closes the connection, followed | |
425 | by control-Z suspends the connection, and followed by itself sends the | |
610cd5c6 | 426 | escape character once. |
427 | Setting the character to | |
bf740959 | 428 | .Dq none |
429 | disables any escapes and makes the session fully transparent. | |
430 | .It Fl f | |
431 | Requests | |
432 | .Nm | |
610cd5c6 | 433 | to go to background just before command execution. |
434 | This is useful if | |
bf740959 | 435 | .Nm |
436 | is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user | |
610cd5c6 | 437 | wants it in the background. |
f54651ce | 438 | This implies |
bf740959 | 439 | .Fl n . |
440 | The recommended way to start X11 programs at a remote site is with | |
441 | something like | |
442 | .Ic ssh -f host xterm . | |
7b2ea3a1 | 443 | .It Fl g |
444 | Allows remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports. | |
bf740959 | 445 | .It Fl i Ar identity_file |
cf5a07a8 | 446 | Selects a file from which the identity (private key) for |
fa08c86b | 447 | RSA or DSA authentication is read. |
cf5a07a8 | 448 | The default is |
1d1ffb87 | 449 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity |
cf5a07a8 | 450 | for protocol version 1, and |
451 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa | |
452 | and | |
453 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa | |
454 | for protocol version 2. | |
610cd5c6 | 455 | Identity files may also be specified on |
456 | a per-host basis in the configuration file. | |
457 | It is possible to have multiple | |
bf740959 | 458 | .Fl i |
459 | options (and multiple identities specified in | |
460 | configuration files). | |
eea098a3 | 461 | .It Fl I Ar smartcard_device |
462 | Specifies which smartcard device to use. The argument is | |
463 | the device | |
464 | .Nm | |
465 | should use to communicate with a smartcard used for storing the user's | |
466 | private RSA key. | |
bf740959 | 467 | .It Fl k |
4fe2af09 | 468 | Disables forwarding of Kerberos tickets and AFS tokens. |
469 | This may also be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. | |
bf740959 | 470 | .It Fl l Ar login_name |
610cd5c6 | 471 | Specifies the user to log in as on the remote machine. |
472 | This also may be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. | |
b2552997 | 473 | .It Fl m Ar mac_spec |
474 | Additionally, for protocol version 2 a comma-separated list of MAC | |
475 | (message authentication code) algorithms can | |
476 | be specified in order of preference. | |
477 | See the | |
478 | .Cm MACs | |
479 | keyword for more information. | |
bf740959 | 480 | .It Fl n |
481 | Redirects stdin from | |
482 | .Pa /dev/null | |
483 | (actually, prevents reading from stdin). | |
484 | This must be used when | |
485 | .Nm | |
610cd5c6 | 486 | is run in the background. |
487 | A common trick is to use this to run X11 programs on a remote machine. | |
488 | For example, | |
bf740959 | 489 | .Ic ssh -n shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs & |
490 | will start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11 | |
491 | connection will be automatically forwarded over an encrypted channel. | |
492 | The | |
493 | .Nm | |
494 | program will be put in the background. | |
495 | (This does not work if | |
496 | .Nm | |
497 | needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the | |
498 | .Fl f | |
499 | option.) | |
0e73cc53 | 500 | .It Fl N |
501 | Do not execute a remote command. | |
91789042 | 502 | This is useful for just forwarding ports |
0e73cc53 | 503 | (protocol version 2 only). |
bf740959 | 504 | .It Fl o Ar option |
38539909 | 505 | Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file. |
bf740959 | 506 | This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate |
610cd5c6 | 507 | command-line flag. |
bf740959 | 508 | .It Fl p Ar port |
610cd5c6 | 509 | Port to connect to on the remote host. |
510 | This can be specified on a | |
bf740959 | 511 | per-host basis in the configuration file. |
512 | .It Fl P | |
513 | Use a non-privileged port for outgoing connections. | |
91789042 | 514 | This can be used if a firewall does |
bf740959 | 515 | not permit connections from privileged ports. |
95f1eccc | 516 | Note that this option turns off |
bf740959 | 517 | .Cm RhostsAuthentication |
518 | and | |
6ffc9c88 | 519 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication |
520 | for older servers. | |
bf740959 | 521 | .It Fl q |
610cd5c6 | 522 | Quiet mode. |
523 | Causes all warning and diagnostic messages to be suppressed. | |
524 | Only fatal errors are displayed. | |
ae810de7 | 525 | .It Fl s |
3730bb22 | 526 | May be used to request invocation of a subsystem on the remote system. Subsystems are a feature of the SSH2 protocol which facilitate the use |
527 | of SSH as a secure transport for other applications (eg. sftp). The | |
ae810de7 | 528 | subsystem is specified as the remote command. |
bf740959 | 529 | .It Fl t |
610cd5c6 | 530 | Force pseudo-tty allocation. |
4fe2af09 | 531 | This can be used to execute arbitrary |
610cd5c6 | 532 | screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be very useful, |
533 | e.g., when implementing menu services. | |
8abcdba4 | 534 | Multiple |
535 | .Fl t | |
536 | options force tty allocation, even if | |
537 | .Nm | |
538 | has no local tty. | |
0e73cc53 | 539 | .It Fl T |
0b6fbf03 | 540 | Disable pseudo-tty allocation. |
bf740959 | 541 | .It Fl v |
610cd5c6 | 542 | Verbose mode. |
543 | Causes | |
bf740959 | 544 | .Nm |
610cd5c6 | 545 | to print debugging messages about its progress. |
546 | This is helpful in | |
bf740959 | 547 | debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems. |
8abcdba4 | 548 | Multiple |
549 | .Fl v | |
550 | options increases the verbosity. | |
94ec8c6b | 551 | Maximum is 3. |
bf740959 | 552 | .It Fl x |
610cd5c6 | 553 | Disables X11 forwarding. |
bf740959 | 554 | .It Fl X |
555 | Enables X11 forwarding. | |
71276795 | 556 | This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file. |
bf740959 | 557 | .It Fl C |
558 | Requests compression of all data (including stdin, stdout, stderr, and | |
610cd5c6 | 559 | data for forwarded X11 and TCP/IP connections). |
560 | The compression algorithm is the same used by | |
7b2ea3a1 | 561 | .Xr gzip 1 , |
562 | and the | |
bf740959 | 563 | .Dq level |
564 | can be controlled by the | |
565 | .Cm CompressionLevel | |
610cd5c6 | 566 | option (see below). |
567 | Compression is desirable on modem lines and other | |
bf740959 | 568 | slow connections, but will only slow down things on fast networks. |
569 | The default value can be set on a host-by-host basis in the | |
570 | configuration files; see the | |
0aea6c59 | 571 | .Cm Compression |
bf740959 | 572 | option below. |
e591b98a | 573 | .It Fl F Ar configfile |
574 | Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file. | |
575 | If a configuration file is given on the command line, | |
576 | the system-wide configuration file | |
577 | .Pq Pa /etc/ssh_config | |
578 | will be ignored. | |
579 | The default for the per-user configuration file is | |
580 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/config . | |
bf740959 | 581 | .It Fl L Ar port:host:hostport |
582 | Specifies that the given port on the local (client) host is to be | |
610cd5c6 | 583 | forwarded to the given host and port on the remote side. |
584 | This works by allocating a socket to listen to | |
bf740959 | 585 | .Ar port |
586 | on the local side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the | |
587 | connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is | |
588 | made to | |
48e671d5 | 589 | .Ar host |
590 | port | |
591 | .Ar hostport | |
610cd5c6 | 592 | from the remote machine. |
593 | Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. | |
594 | Only root can forward privileged ports. | |
48e671d5 | 595 | IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax: |
596 | .Ar port/host/hostport | |
bf740959 | 597 | .It Fl R Ar port:host:hostport |
598 | Specifies that the given port on the remote (server) host is to be | |
610cd5c6 | 599 | forwarded to the given host and port on the local side. |
600 | This works by allocating a socket to listen to | |
bf740959 | 601 | .Ar port |
602 | on the remote side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the | |
603 | connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is | |
604 | made to | |
48e671d5 | 605 | .Ar host |
606 | port | |
607 | .Ar hostport | |
610cd5c6 | 608 | from the local machine. |
609 | Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. | |
610 | Privileged ports can be forwarded only when | |
bf740959 | 611 | logging in as root on the remote machine. |
da89cf4d | 612 | IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax: |
613 | .Ar port/host/hostport | |
4c780c2a | 614 | .It Fl D Ar port |
615 | Specifies a local | |
616 | .Dq dynamic | |
617 | application-level port forwarding. | |
618 | This works by allocating a socket to listen to | |
619 | .Ar port | |
620 | on the local side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the | |
621 | connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and the application | |
622 | protocol is then used to determine where to connect to from the | |
623 | remote machine. Currently the SOCKS4 protocol is supported, and | |
624 | .Nm | |
625 | will act as a SOCKS4 server. | |
626 | Only root can forward privileged ports. | |
627 | Dynamic port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. | |
9afadca8 | 628 | .It Fl 1 |
629 | Forces | |
630 | .Nm | |
631 | to try protocol version 1 only. | |
6ae2364d | 632 | .It Fl 2 |
633 | Forces | |
634 | .Nm | |
1d1ffb87 | 635 | to try protocol version 2 only. |
48e671d5 | 636 | .It Fl 4 |
637 | Forces | |
638 | .Nm | |
639 | to use IPv4 addresses only. | |
640 | .It Fl 6 | |
641 | Forces | |
642 | .Nm | |
643 | to use IPv6 addresses only. | |
bf740959 | 644 | .El |
645 | .Sh CONFIGURATION FILES | |
646 | .Nm | |
38539909 | 647 | obtains configuration data from the following sources in |
648 | the following order: | |
bf740959 | 649 | command line options, user's configuration file |
650 | .Pq Pa $HOME/.ssh/config , | |
651 | and system-wide configuration file | |
5f4fdfae | 652 | .Pq Pa /etc/ssh_config . |
bf740959 | 653 | For each parameter, the first obtained value |
610cd5c6 | 654 | will be used. |
655 | The configuration files contain sections bracketed by | |
656 | .Dq Host | |
657 | specifications, and that section is only applied for hosts that | |
658 | match one of the patterns given in the specification. | |
659 | The matched host name is the one given on the command line. | |
bf740959 | 660 | .Pp |
661 | Since the first obtained value for each parameter is used, more | |
662 | host-specific declarations should be given near the beginning of the | |
663 | file, and general defaults at the end. | |
664 | .Pp | |
665 | The configuration file has the following format: | |
666 | .Pp | |
667 | Empty lines and lines starting with | |
668 | .Ql # | |
669 | are comments. | |
670 | .Pp | |
671 | Otherwise a line is of the format | |
672 | .Dq keyword arguments . | |
38539909 | 673 | Configuration options may be separated by whitespace or |
674 | optional whitespace and exactly one | |
675 | .Ql = ; | |
676 | the latter format is useful to avoid the need to quote whitespace | |
677 | when specifying configuration options using the | |
678 | .Nm ssh , | |
679 | .Nm scp | |
680 | and | |
681 | .Nm sftp | |
682 | .Fl o | |
683 | option. | |
684 | .Pp | |
bf740959 | 685 | The possible |
54bf768d | 686 | keywords and their meanings are as follows (note that |
687 | keywords are case-insensitive and arguments are case-sensitive): | |
bf740959 | 688 | .Bl -tag -width Ds |
689 | .It Cm Host | |
690 | Restricts the following declarations (up to the next | |
691 | .Cm Host | |
692 | keyword) to be only for those hosts that match one of the patterns | |
693 | given after the keyword. | |
694 | .Ql \&* | |
695 | and | |
696 | .Ql ? | |
697 | can be used as wildcards in the | |
610cd5c6 | 698 | patterns. |
699 | A single | |
bf740959 | 700 | .Ql \&* |
701 | as a pattern can be used to provide global | |
610cd5c6 | 702 | defaults for all hosts. |
703 | The host is the | |
bf740959 | 704 | .Ar hostname |
705 | argument given on the command line (i.e., the name is not converted to | |
706 | a canonicalized host name before matching). | |
707 | .It Cm AFSTokenPassing | |
4fe2af09 | 708 | Specifies whether to pass AFS tokens to remote host. |
709 | The argument to this keyword must be | |
bf740959 | 710 | .Dq yes |
711 | or | |
712 | .Dq no . | |
da89cf4d | 713 | This option applies to protocol version 1 only. |
bf740959 | 714 | .It Cm BatchMode |
715 | If set to | |
716 | .Dq yes , | |
610cd5c6 | 717 | passphrase/password querying will be disabled. |
91789042 | 718 | This option is useful in scripts and other batch jobs where no user |
719 | is present to supply the password. | |
610cd5c6 | 720 | The argument must be |
bf740959 | 721 | .Dq yes |
722 | or | |
723 | .Dq no . | |
01ce749f | 724 | The default is |
725 | .Dq no . | |
3435f5a6 | 726 | .It Cm BindAddress |
727 | Specify the interface to transmit from on machines with multiple | |
728 | interfaces or aliased addresses. | |
729 | Note that this option does not work if | |
730 | .Cm UsePrivilegedPort | |
731 | is set to | |
732 | .Dq yes . | |
7b2ea3a1 | 733 | .It Cm CheckHostIP |
734 | If this flag is set to | |
735 | .Dq yes , | |
01ce749f | 736 | ssh will additionally check the host IP address in the |
7b2ea3a1 | 737 | .Pa known_hosts |
4fe2af09 | 738 | file. |
739 | This allows ssh to detect if a host key changed due to DNS spoofing. | |
7b2ea3a1 | 740 | If the option is set to |
741 | .Dq no , | |
742 | the check will not be executed. | |
01ce749f | 743 | The default is |
744 | .Dq yes . | |
bf740959 | 745 | .It Cm Cipher |
33de75a3 | 746 | Specifies the cipher to use for encrypting the session |
a22aff1f | 747 | in protocol version 1. |
610cd5c6 | 748 | Currently, |
29999e54 | 749 | .Dq blowfish , |
750 | .Dq 3des , | |
bf740959 | 751 | and |
29999e54 | 752 | .Dq des |
610cd5c6 | 753 | are supported. |
29999e54 | 754 | .Ar des |
755 | is only supported in the | |
756 | .Nm | |
757 | client for interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations | |
758 | that do not support the | |
759 | .Ar 3des | |
760 | cipher. Its use is strongly discouraged due to cryptographic | |
761 | weaknesses. | |
610cd5c6 | 762 | The default is |
bf740959 | 763 | .Dq 3des . |
f54651ce | 764 | .It Cm Ciphers |
765 | Specifies the ciphers allowed for protocol version 2 | |
766 | in order of preference. | |
767 | Multiple ciphers must be comma-separated. | |
768 | The default is | |
9afadca8 | 769 | .Pp |
770 | .Bd -literal | |
f2ba0775 | 771 | ``aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour, |
da89cf4d | 772 | aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc'' |
9afadca8 | 773 | .Ed |
e1c5bfaf | 774 | .It Cm ClearAllForwardings |
775 | Specifies that all local, remote and dynamic port forwardings | |
776 | specified in the configuration files or on the command line be | |
777 | cleared. This option is primarily useful when used from the | |
778 | .Nm | |
779 | command line to clear port forwardings set in | |
780 | configuration files, and is automatically set by | |
781 | .Xr scp 1 | |
782 | and | |
783 | .Xr sftp 1 . | |
784 | The argument must be | |
785 | .Dq yes | |
786 | or | |
787 | .Dq no . | |
788 | The default is | |
789 | .Dq no . | |
bf740959 | 790 | .It Cm Compression |
610cd5c6 | 791 | Specifies whether to use compression. |
792 | The argument must be | |
bf740959 | 793 | .Dq yes |
794 | or | |
795 | .Dq no . | |
01ce749f | 796 | The default is |
797 | .Dq no . | |
bf740959 | 798 | .It Cm CompressionLevel |
01ce749f | 799 | Specifies the compression level to use if compression is enabled. |
610cd5c6 | 800 | The argument must be an integer from 1 (fast) to 9 (slow, best). |
801 | The default level is 6, which is good for most applications. | |
802 | The meaning of the values is the same as in | |
7b2ea3a1 | 803 | .Xr gzip 1 . |
da89cf4d | 804 | Note that this option applies to protocol version 1 only. |
bf740959 | 805 | .It Cm ConnectionAttempts |
806 | Specifies the number of tries (one per second) to make before falling | |
610cd5c6 | 807 | back to rsh or exiting. |
808 | The argument must be an integer. | |
809 | This may be useful in scripts if the connection sometimes fails. | |
ce773142 | 810 | The default is 1. |
4c780c2a | 811 | .It Cm DynamicForward |
812 | Specifies that a TCP/IP port on the local machine be forwarded | |
813 | over the secure channel, and the application | |
814 | protocol is then used to determine where to connect to from the | |
815 | remote machine. The argument must be a port number. | |
816 | Currently the SOCKS4 protocol is supported, and | |
817 | .Nm | |
818 | will act as a SOCKS4 server. | |
819 | Multiple forwardings may be specified, and | |
820 | additional forwardings can be given on the command line. Only | |
821 | the superuser can forward privileged ports. | |
bf740959 | 822 | .It Cm EscapeChar |
823 | Sets the escape character (default: | |
824 | .Ql ~ ) . | |
825 | The escape character can also | |
610cd5c6 | 826 | be set on the command line. |
827 | The argument should be a single character, | |
bf740959 | 828 | .Ql ^ |
829 | followed by a letter, or | |
830 | .Dq none | |
831 | to disable the escape | |
832 | character entirely (making the connection transparent for binary | |
833 | data). | |
f54651ce | 834 | .It Cm FallBackToRsh |
bf740959 | 835 | Specifies that if connecting via |
836 | .Nm | |
837 | fails due to a connection refused error (there is no | |
838 | .Xr sshd 8 | |
f54651ce | 839 | listening on the remote host), |
bf740959 | 840 | .Xr rsh 1 |
841 | should automatically be used instead (after a suitable warning about | |
610cd5c6 | 842 | the session being unencrypted). |
843 | The argument must be | |
bf740959 | 844 | .Dq yes |
845 | or | |
846 | .Dq no . | |
01ce749f | 847 | The default is |
848 | .Dq no . | |
bf740959 | 849 | .It Cm ForwardAgent |
850 | Specifies whether the connection to the authentication agent (if any) | |
610cd5c6 | 851 | will be forwarded to the remote machine. |
852 | The argument must be | |
bf740959 | 853 | .Dq yes |
854 | or | |
855 | .Dq no . | |
71276795 | 856 | The default is |
857 | .Dq no . | |
bf740959 | 858 | .It Cm ForwardX11 |
859 | Specifies whether X11 connections will be automatically redirected | |
f54651ce | 860 | over the secure channel and |
bf740959 | 861 | .Ev DISPLAY |
610cd5c6 | 862 | set. |
f54651ce | 863 | The argument must be |
bf740959 | 864 | .Dq yes |
865 | or | |
866 | .Dq no . | |
c8d54615 | 867 | The default is |
868 | .Dq no . | |
bf740959 | 869 | .It Cm GatewayPorts |
870 | Specifies whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to local | |
871 | forwarded ports. | |
70068acc | 872 | By default, |
873 | .Nm | |
874 | binds local port forwardings to the loopback addresss. This | |
875 | prevents other remote hosts from connecting to forwarded ports. | |
876 | .Cm GatewayPorts | |
877 | can be used to specify that | |
878 | .Nm | |
879 | should bind local port forwardings to the wildcard address, | |
880 | thus allowing remote hosts to connect to forwarded ports. | |
bf740959 | 881 | The argument must be |
882 | .Dq yes | |
883 | or | |
884 | .Dq no . | |
885 | The default is | |
886 | .Dq no . | |
887 | .It Cm GlobalKnownHostsFile | |
f49bc4f7 | 888 | Specifies a file to use for the global |
a5df12e9 | 889 | host key database instead of |
5f4fdfae | 890 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts . |
da89cf4d | 891 | .It Cm HostbasedAuthentication |
892 | Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication with public key | |
893 | authentication. | |
894 | The argument must be | |
895 | .Dq yes | |
896 | or | |
897 | .Dq no . | |
898 | The default is | |
3398dda9 | 899 | .Dq no . |
da89cf4d | 900 | This option applies to protocol version 2 only and |
901 | is similar to | |
902 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication . | |
e961a8f9 | 903 | .It Cm HostKeyAlgorithms |
98143cfc | 904 | Specifies the protocol version 2 host key algorithms |
e961a8f9 | 905 | that the client wants to use in order of preference. |
906 | The default for this option is: | |
cb362b5e | 907 | .Dq ssh-rsa,ssh-dss . |
da89cf4d | 908 | .It Cm HostKeyAlias |
909 | Specifies an alias that should be used instead of the | |
910 | real host name when looking up or saving the host key | |
911 | in the host key database files. | |
912 | This option is useful for tunneling ssh connections | |
91789042 | 913 | or for multiple servers running on a single host. |
bf740959 | 914 | .It Cm HostName |
610cd5c6 | 915 | Specifies the real host name to log into. |
916 | This can be used to specify nicknames or abbreviations for hosts. | |
917 | Default is the name given on the command line. | |
918 | Numeric IP addresses are also permitted (both on the command line and in | |
bf740959 | 919 | .Cm HostName |
920 | specifications). | |
921 | .It Cm IdentityFile | |
cf5a07a8 | 922 | Specifies a file from which the user's RSA or DSA authentication identity |
923 | is read. The default is | |
1d1ffb87 | 924 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity |
cf5a07a8 | 925 | for protocol version 1, and |
926 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa | |
927 | and | |
928 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa | |
929 | for protocol version 2. | |
bf740959 | 930 | Additionally, any identities represented by the authentication agent |
610cd5c6 | 931 | will be used for authentication. |
932 | The file name may use the tilde | |
933 | syntax to refer to a user's home directory. | |
934 | It is possible to have | |
bf740959 | 935 | multiple identity files specified in configuration files; all these |
936 | identities will be tried in sequence. | |
937 | .It Cm KeepAlive | |
938 | Specifies whether the system should send keepalive messages to the | |
610cd5c6 | 939 | other side. |
940 | If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one | |
941 | of the machines will be properly noticed. | |
942 | However, this means that | |
bf740959 | 943 | connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people |
4fe2af09 | 944 | find it annoying. |
bf740959 | 945 | .Pp |
946 | The default is | |
947 | .Dq yes | |
948 | (to send keepalives), and the client will notice | |
610cd5c6 | 949 | if the network goes down or the remote host dies. |
950 | This is important in scripts, and many users want it too. | |
bf740959 | 951 | .Pp |
952 | To disable keepalives, the value should be set to | |
953 | .Dq no | |
954 | in both the server and the client configuration files. | |
955 | .It Cm KerberosAuthentication | |
4fe2af09 | 956 | Specifies whether Kerberos authentication will be used. |
957 | The argument to this keyword must be | |
bf740959 | 958 | .Dq yes |
959 | or | |
960 | .Dq no . | |
961 | .It Cm KerberosTgtPassing | |
4fe2af09 | 962 | Specifies whether a Kerberos TGT will be forwarded to the server. |
963 | This will only work if the Kerberos server is actually an AFS kaserver. | |
964 | The argument to this keyword must be | |
bf740959 | 965 | .Dq yes |
966 | or | |
967 | .Dq no . | |
968 | .It Cm LocalForward | |
969 | Specifies that a TCP/IP port on the local machine be forwarded over | |
3a8aabf0 | 970 | the secure channel to the specified host and port from the remote machine. |
610cd5c6 | 971 | The first argument must be a port number, and the second must be |
3a8aabf0 | 972 | .Ar host:port . |
973 | IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax: | |
974 | .Ar host/port . | |
610cd5c6 | 975 | Multiple forwardings may be specified, and additional |
976 | forwardings can be given on the command line. | |
977 | Only the superuser can forward privileged ports. | |
6a17f9c2 | 978 | .It Cm LogLevel |
979 | Gives the verbosity level that is used when logging messages from | |
980 | .Nm ssh . | |
981 | The possible values are: | |
60015649 | 982 | QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2 and DEBUG3. |
983 | The default is INFO. DEBUG and DEBUG1 are equivalent. DEBUG2 | |
984 | and DEBUG3 each specify higher levels of verbose output. | |
b2552997 | 985 | .It Cm MACs |
3730bb22 | 986 | Specifies the MAC (message authentication code) algorithms |
b2552997 | 987 | in order of preference. |
988 | The MAC algorithm is used in protocol version 2 | |
989 | for data integrity protection. | |
990 | Multiple algorithms must be comma-separated. | |
991 | The default is | |
47bf6266 | 992 | .Dq hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96 . |
8bbc048a | 993 | .It Cm NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost |
994 | This option can be used if the home directory is shared across machines. | |
995 | In this case localhost will refer to a different machine on each of | |
996 | the machines and the user will get many warnings about changed host keys. | |
997 | However, this option disables host authentication for localhost. | |
998 | The argument to this keyword must be | |
999 | .Dq yes | |
1000 | or | |
1001 | .Dq no . | |
1002 | The default is to check the host key for localhost. | |
bf740959 | 1003 | .It Cm NumberOfPasswordPrompts |
4fe2af09 | 1004 | Specifies the number of password prompts before giving up. |
1005 | The argument to this keyword must be an integer. | |
1006 | Default is 3. | |
7b2ea3a1 | 1007 | .It Cm PasswordAuthentication |
610cd5c6 | 1008 | Specifies whether to use password authentication. |
1009 | The argument to this keyword must be | |
7b2ea3a1 | 1010 | .Dq yes |
1011 | or | |
1012 | .Dq no . | |
01ce749f | 1013 | The default is |
1014 | .Dq yes . | |
bf740959 | 1015 | .It Cm Port |
610cd5c6 | 1016 | Specifies the port number to connect on the remote host. |
1017 | Default is 22. | |
babd91d4 | 1018 | .It Cm PreferredAuthentications |
3730bb22 | 1019 | Specifies the order in which the client should try protocol 2 |
1020 | authentication methods. This allows a client to prefer one method (e.g. | |
babd91d4 | 1021 | .Cm keyboard-interactive ) |
1022 | over another method (e.g. | |
1023 | .Cm password ) | |
1024 | The default for this option is: | |
cb362b5e | 1025 | .Dq hostbased,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password . |
f54651ce | 1026 | .It Cm Protocol |
1027 | Specifies the protocol versions | |
1028 | .Nm | |
1029 | should support in order of preference. | |
1030 | The possible values are | |
1031 | .Dq 1 | |
1032 | and | |
1033 | .Dq 2 . | |
1034 | Multiple versions must be comma-separated. | |
1035 | The default is | |
b4a19d21 | 1036 | .Dq 2,1 . |
1d1ffb87 | 1037 | This means that |
1038 | .Nm | |
b4a19d21 | 1039 | tries version 2 and falls back to version 1 |
1040 | if version 2 is not available. | |
bf740959 | 1041 | .It Cm ProxyCommand |
610cd5c6 | 1042 | Specifies the command to use to connect to the server. |
1043 | The command | |
1044 | string extends to the end of the line, and is executed with | |
1045 | .Pa /bin/sh . | |
1046 | In the command string, | |
1047 | .Ql %h | |
1048 | will be substituted by the host name to | |
1049 | connect and | |
1050 | .Ql %p | |
1051 | by the port. | |
1052 | The command can be basically anything, | |
1053 | and should read from its standard input and write to its standard output. | |
1054 | It should eventually connect an | |
bf740959 | 1055 | .Xr sshd 8 |
1056 | server running on some machine, or execute | |
1057 | .Ic sshd -i | |
610cd5c6 | 1058 | somewhere. |
1059 | Host key management will be done using the | |
bf740959 | 1060 | HostName of the host being connected (defaulting to the name typed by |
1061 | the user). | |
57112b5a | 1062 | Note that |
1063 | .Cm CheckHostIP | |
1064 | is not available for connects with a proxy command. | |
bf740959 | 1065 | .Pp |
da89cf4d | 1066 | .It Cm PubkeyAuthentication |
1067 | Specifies whether to try public key authentication. | |
1068 | The argument to this keyword must be | |
1069 | .Dq yes | |
1070 | or | |
1071 | .Dq no . | |
1072 | The default is | |
1073 | .Dq yes . | |
1074 | This option applies to protocol version 2 only. | |
bf740959 | 1075 | .It Cm RemoteForward |
1076 | Specifies that a TCP/IP port on the remote machine be forwarded over | |
3a8aabf0 | 1077 | the secure channel to the specified host and port from the local machine. |
610cd5c6 | 1078 | The first argument must be a port number, and the second must be |
3a8aabf0 | 1079 | .Ar host:port . |
1080 | IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax: | |
1081 | .Ar host/port . | |
610cd5c6 | 1082 | Multiple forwardings may be specified, and additional |
1083 | forwardings can be given on the command line. | |
1084 | Only the superuser can forward privileged ports. | |
bf740959 | 1085 | .It Cm RhostsAuthentication |
610cd5c6 | 1086 | Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication. |
1087 | Note that this | |
bf740959 | 1088 | declaration only affects the client side and has no effect whatsoever |
610cd5c6 | 1089 | on security. |
1090 | Disabling rhosts authentication may reduce | |
bf740959 | 1091 | authentication time on slow connections when rhosts authentication is |
610cd5c6 | 1092 | not used. |
1093 | Most servers do not permit RhostsAuthentication because it | |
3730bb22 | 1094 | is not secure (see |
a5a2da3b | 1095 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication ) . |
610cd5c6 | 1096 | The argument to this keyword must be |
bf740959 | 1097 | .Dq yes |
1098 | or | |
1099 | .Dq no . | |
01ce749f | 1100 | The default is |
1101 | .Dq yes . | |
da89cf4d | 1102 | This option applies to protocol version 1 only. |
bf740959 | 1103 | .It Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication |
1104 | Specifies whether to try rhosts based authentication with RSA host | |
610cd5c6 | 1105 | authentication. |
610cd5c6 | 1106 | The argument must be |
bf740959 | 1107 | .Dq yes |
1108 | or | |
1109 | .Dq no . | |
01ce749f | 1110 | The default is |
1111 | .Dq yes . | |
da89cf4d | 1112 | This option applies to protocol version 1 only. |
bf740959 | 1113 | .It Cm RSAAuthentication |
610cd5c6 | 1114 | Specifies whether to try RSA authentication. |
1115 | The argument to this keyword must be | |
bf740959 | 1116 | .Dq yes |
1117 | or | |
1118 | .Dq no . | |
1119 | RSA authentication will only be | |
1120 | attempted if the identity file exists, or an authentication agent is | |
1121 | running. | |
01ce749f | 1122 | The default is |
1123 | .Dq yes . | |
1d1ffb87 | 1124 | Note that this option applies to protocol version 1 only. |
61e96248 | 1125 | .It Cm ChallengeResponseAuthentication |
1126 | Specifies whether to use challenge response authentication. | |
610cd5c6 | 1127 | The argument to this keyword must be |
5260325f | 1128 | .Dq yes |
1129 | or | |
1130 | .Dq no . | |
1131 | The default is | |
10a2cbef | 1132 | .Dq yes . |
eea098a3 | 1133 | .It Cm SmartcardDevice |
1134 | Specifies which smartcard device to use. The argument to this keyword is | |
1135 | the device | |
1136 | .Nm | |
1137 | should use to communicate with a smartcard used for storing the user's | |
1138 | private RSA key. By default, no device is specified and smartcard support | |
1139 | is not activated. | |
bf740959 | 1140 | .It Cm StrictHostKeyChecking |
1141 | If this flag is set to | |
f54651ce | 1142 | .Dq yes , |
bf740959 | 1143 | .Nm |
a877488a | 1144 | will never automatically add host keys to the |
bf740959 | 1145 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts |
f49bc4f7 | 1146 | file, and refuses to connect to hosts whose host key has changed. |
91789042 | 1147 | This provides maximum protection against trojan horse attacks, |
1148 | however, can be annoying when the | |
5f4fdfae | 1149 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts |
91789042 | 1150 | file is poorly maintained, or connections to new hosts are |
1151 | frequently made. | |
a877488a | 1152 | This option forces the user to manually |
1153 | add all new hosts. | |
1154 | If this flag is set to | |
1155 | .Dq no , | |
1156 | .Nm | |
1157 | will automatically add new host keys to the | |
1158 | user known hosts files. | |
1159 | If this flag is set to | |
1160 | .Dq ask , | |
1161 | new host keys | |
1162 | will be added to the user known host files only after the user | |
1163 | has confirmed that is what they really want to do, and | |
1164 | .Nm | |
1165 | will refuse to connect to hosts whose host key has changed. | |
610cd5c6 | 1166 | The host keys of |
a877488a | 1167 | known hosts will be verified automatically in all cases. |
610cd5c6 | 1168 | The argument must be |
a877488a | 1169 | .Dq yes , |
1170 | .Dq no | |
bf740959 | 1171 | or |
a877488a | 1172 | .Dq ask . |
1173 | The default is | |
1174 | .Dq ask . | |
bf740959 | 1175 | .It Cm UsePrivilegedPort |
1176 | Specifies whether to use a privileged port for outgoing connections. | |
1177 | The argument must be | |
1178 | .Dq yes | |
1179 | or | |
1180 | .Dq no . | |
1181 | The default is | |
d5ebca2b | 1182 | .Dq no . |
91789042 | 1183 | Note that this option must be set to |
da89cf4d | 1184 | .Dq yes |
91789042 | 1185 | if |
bf740959 | 1186 | .Cm RhostsAuthentication |
1187 | and | |
6ffc9c88 | 1188 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication |
91789042 | 1189 | authentications are needed with older servers. |
7b2ea3a1 | 1190 | .It Cm User |
610cd5c6 | 1191 | Specifies the user to log in as. |
91789042 | 1192 | This can be useful when a different user name is used on different machines. |
610cd5c6 | 1193 | This saves the trouble of |
7b2ea3a1 | 1194 | having to remember to give the user name on the command line. |
1195 | .It Cm UserKnownHostsFile | |
f49bc4f7 | 1196 | Specifies a file to use for the user |
a5df12e9 | 1197 | host key database instead of |
7b2ea3a1 | 1198 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts . |
bf740959 | 1199 | .It Cm UseRsh |
610cd5c6 | 1200 | Specifies that rlogin/rsh should be used for this host. |
1201 | It is possible that the host does not at all support the | |
bf740959 | 1202 | .Nm |
610cd5c6 | 1203 | protocol. |
1204 | This causes | |
bf740959 | 1205 | .Nm |
610cd5c6 | 1206 | to immediately execute |
bf740959 | 1207 | .Xr rsh 1 . |
1208 | All other options (except | |
1209 | .Cm HostName ) | |
610cd5c6 | 1210 | are ignored if this has been specified. |
1211 | The argument must be | |
bf740959 | 1212 | .Dq yes |
1213 | or | |
1214 | .Dq no . | |
fa649821 | 1215 | .It Cm XAuthLocation |
1216 | Specifies the location of the | |
1217 | .Xr xauth 1 | |
1218 | program. | |
1219 | The default is | |
1220 | .Pa /usr/X11R6/bin/xauth . | |
b5e300c2 | 1221 | .El |
bf740959 | 1222 | .Sh ENVIRONMENT |
1223 | .Nm | |
1224 | will normally set the following environment variables: | |
1225 | .Bl -tag -width Ds | |
1226 | .It Ev DISPLAY | |
1227 | The | |
1228 | .Ev DISPLAY | |
610cd5c6 | 1229 | variable indicates the location of the X11 server. |
f54651ce | 1230 | It is automatically set by |
bf740959 | 1231 | .Nm |
1232 | to point to a value of the form | |
1233 | .Dq hostname:n | |
1234 | where hostname indicates | |
610cd5c6 | 1235 | the host where the shell runs, and n is an integer >= 1. |
1236 | .Nm | |
1237 | uses this special value to forward X11 connections over the secure | |
1238 | channel. | |
da89cf4d | 1239 | The user should normally not set |
1240 | .Ev DISPLAY | |
1241 | explicitly, as that | |
bf740959 | 1242 | will render the X11 connection insecure (and will require the user to |
1243 | manually copy any required authorization cookies). | |
1244 | .It Ev HOME | |
1245 | Set to the path of the user's home directory. | |
1246 | .It Ev LOGNAME | |
1247 | Synonym for | |
1248 | .Ev USER ; | |
1249 | set for compatibility with systems that use this variable. | |
1250 | .It Ev MAIL | |
ae897d7c | 1251 | Set to the path of the user's mailbox. |
610cd5c6 | 1252 | .It Ev PATH |
bf740959 | 1253 | Set to the default |
1254 | .Ev PATH , | |
1255 | as specified when compiling | |
1256 | .Nm ssh . | |
3474b2b4 | 1257 | .It Ev SSH_ASKPASS |
1258 | If | |
1259 | .Nm | |
1260 | needs a passphrase, it will read the passphrase from the current | |
1261 | terminal if it was run from a terminal. | |
1262 | If | |
1263 | .Nm | |
1264 | does not have a terminal associated with it but | |
1265 | .Ev DISPLAY | |
1266 | and | |
1267 | .Ev SSH_ASKPASS | |
1268 | are set, it will execute the program specified by | |
1269 | .Ev SSH_ASKPASS | |
1270 | and open an X11 window to read the passphrase. | |
1271 | This is particularly useful when calling | |
1272 | .Nm | |
1273 | from a | |
1274 | .Pa .Xsession | |
1275 | or related script. | |
1276 | (Note that on some machines it | |
1277 | may be necessary to redirect the input from | |
1278 | .Pa /dev/null | |
1279 | to make this work.) | |
bf740959 | 1280 | .It Ev SSH_AUTH_SOCK |
ae897d7c | 1281 | Identifies the path of a unix-domain socket used to communicate with the |
bf740959 | 1282 | agent. |
1283 | .It Ev SSH_CLIENT | |
610cd5c6 | 1284 | Identifies the client end of the connection. |
1285 | The variable contains | |
bf740959 | 1286 | three space-separated values: client ip-address, client port number, |
1287 | and server port number. | |
8abcdba4 | 1288 | .It Ev SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND |
1289 | The variable contains the original command line if a forced command | |
1290 | is executed. | |
1291 | It can be used to extract the original arguments. | |
bf740959 | 1292 | .It Ev SSH_TTY |
1293 | This is set to the name of the tty (path to the device) associated | |
610cd5c6 | 1294 | with the current shell or command. |
1295 | If the current session has no tty, | |
bf740959 | 1296 | this variable is not set. |
1297 | .It Ev TZ | |
1298 | The timezone variable is set to indicate the present timezone if it | |
c345cf9d | 1299 | was set when the daemon was started (i.e., the daemon passes the value |
bf740959 | 1300 | on to new connections). |
1301 | .It Ev USER | |
1302 | Set to the name of the user logging in. | |
1303 | .El | |
1304 | .Pp | |
f54651ce | 1305 | Additionally, |
bf740959 | 1306 | .Nm |
f54651ce | 1307 | reads |
1308 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment , | |
bf740959 | 1309 | and adds lines of the format |
1310 | .Dq VARNAME=value | |
1311 | to the environment. | |
1312 | .Sh FILES | |
c8d54615 | 1313 | .Bl -tag -width Ds |
f49bc4f7 | 1314 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts |
ae897d7c | 1315 | Records host keys for all hosts the user has logged into that are not |
bf740959 | 1316 | in |
f49bc4f7 | 1317 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts . |
bf740959 | 1318 | See |
1319 | .Xr sshd 8 . | |
c0ecc314 | 1320 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity, $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa, $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa |
1321 | Contains the authentication identity of the user. | |
1322 | They are for protocol 1 RSA, protocol 2 DSA, and protocol 2 RSA, respectively. | |
1d1ffb87 | 1323 | These files |
1324 | contain sensitive data and should be readable by the user but not | |
bf740959 | 1325 | accessible by others (read/write/execute). |
1326 | Note that | |
1327 | .Nm | |
1d1ffb87 | 1328 | ignores a private key file if it is accessible by others. |
bf740959 | 1329 | It is possible to specify a passphrase when |
1330 | generating the key; the passphrase will be used to encrypt the | |
1331 | sensitive part of this file using 3DES. | |
c0ecc314 | 1332 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity.pub, $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa.pub, $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub |
bf740959 | 1333 | Contains the public key for authentication (public part of the |
610cd5c6 | 1334 | identity file in human-readable form). |
1d1ffb87 | 1335 | The contents of the |
1336 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/identity.pub | |
1337 | file should be added to | |
bf740959 | 1338 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys |
1339 | on all machines | |
91789042 | 1340 | where the user wishes to log in using protocol version 1 RSA authentication. |
1d1ffb87 | 1341 | The contents of the |
1342 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa.pub | |
c0ecc314 | 1343 | and |
1344 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | |
1d1ffb87 | 1345 | file should be added to |
96a7b0cc | 1346 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys |
1d1ffb87 | 1347 | on all machines |
91789042 | 1348 | where the user wishes to log in using protocol version 2 DSA/RSA authentication. |
1d1ffb87 | 1349 | These files are not |
610cd5c6 | 1350 | sensitive and can (but need not) be readable by anyone. |
1d1ffb87 | 1351 | These files are |
c44559d2 | 1352 | never used automatically and are not necessary; they are only provided for |
bf740959 | 1353 | the convenience of the user. |
1354 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/config | |
610cd5c6 | 1355 | This is the per-user configuration file. |
1356 | The format of this file is described above. | |
1357 | This file is used by the | |
bf740959 | 1358 | .Nm |
610cd5c6 | 1359 | client. |
1360 | This file does not usually contain any sensitive information, | |
bf740959 | 1361 | but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not |
1362 | accessible by others. | |
1363 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys | |
96a7b0cc | 1364 | Lists the public keys (RSA/DSA) that can be used for logging in as this user. |
610cd5c6 | 1365 | The format of this file is described in the |
bf740959 | 1366 | .Xr sshd 8 |
610cd5c6 | 1367 | manual page. |
f49bc4f7 | 1368 | In the simplest form the format is the same as the .pub |
1369 | identity files. | |
1d1ffb87 | 1370 | This file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended |
1371 | permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others. | |
f49bc4f7 | 1372 | .It Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts |
610cd5c6 | 1373 | Systemwide list of known host keys. |
f49bc4f7 | 1374 | This file should be prepared by the |
bf740959 | 1375 | system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the |
610cd5c6 | 1376 | organization. |
1377 | This file should be world-readable. | |
1378 | This file contains | |
bf740959 | 1379 | public keys, one per line, in the following format (fields separated |
f49bc4f7 | 1380 | by spaces): system name, public key and optional comment field. |
610cd5c6 | 1381 | When different names are used |
bf740959 | 1382 | for the same machine, all such names should be listed, separated by |
610cd5c6 | 1383 | commas. |
1384 | The format is described on the | |
bf740959 | 1385 | .Xr sshd 8 |
1386 | manual page. | |
1387 | .Pp | |
1388 | The canonical system name (as returned by name servers) is used by | |
1389 | .Xr sshd 8 | |
1390 | to verify the client host when logging in; other names are needed because | |
1391 | .Nm | |
1392 | does not convert the user-supplied name to a canonical name before | |
1393 | checking the key, because someone with access to the name servers | |
1394 | would then be able to fool host authentication. | |
5f4fdfae | 1395 | .It Pa /etc/ssh_config |
610cd5c6 | 1396 | Systemwide configuration file. |
1397 | This file provides defaults for those | |
bf740959 | 1398 | values that are not specified in the user's configuration file, and |
610cd5c6 | 1399 | for those users who do not have a configuration file. |
1400 | This file must be world-readable. | |
dd58cb5e | 1401 | .It Pa /etc/ssh_host_key, /etc/ssh_host_dsa_key, /etc/ssh_host_rsa_key |
1402 | These three files contain the private parts of the host keys | |
1403 | and are used for | |
1404 | .Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication | |
1405 | and | |
1406 | .Cm HostbasedAuthentication . | |
1407 | Since they are readable only by root | |
1408 | .Nm | |
1409 | must be setuid root if these authentication methods are desired. | |
bf740959 | 1410 | .It Pa $HOME/.rhosts |
1411 | This file is used in | |
1412 | .Pa \&.rhosts | |
1413 | authentication to list the | |
610cd5c6 | 1414 | host/user pairs that are permitted to log in. |
1415 | (Note that this file is | |
bf740959 | 1416 | also used by rlogin and rsh, which makes using this file insecure.) |
1417 | Each line of the file contains a host name (in the canonical form | |
1418 | returned by name servers), and then a user name on that host, | |
610cd5c6 | 1419 | separated by a space. |
e91c60f2 | 1420 | On some machines this file may need to be |
bf740959 | 1421 | world-readable if the user's home directory is on a NFS partition, |
1422 | because | |
1423 | .Xr sshd 8 | |
610cd5c6 | 1424 | reads it as root. |
1425 | Additionally, this file must be owned by the user, | |
1426 | and must not have write permissions for anyone else. | |
1427 | The recommended | |
bf740959 | 1428 | permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not |
1429 | accessible by others. | |
1430 | .Pp | |
1431 | Note that by default | |
1432 | .Xr sshd 8 | |
1433 | will be installed so that it requires successful RSA host | |
610cd5c6 | 1434 | authentication before permitting \s+2.\s0rhosts authentication. |
91789042 | 1435 | If the server machine does not have the client's host key in |
5f4fdfae | 1436 | .Pa /etc/ssh_known_hosts , |
91789042 | 1437 | it can be stored in |
bf740959 | 1438 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts . |
1439 | The easiest way to do this is to | |
1440 | connect back to the client from the server machine using ssh; this | |
1d1ffb87 | 1441 | will automatically add the host key to |
bf740959 | 1442 | .Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts . |
1443 | .It Pa $HOME/.shosts | |
1444 | This file is used exactly the same way as | |
1445 | .Pa \&.rhosts . | |
1446 | The purpose for | |
1447 | having this file is to be able to use rhosts authentication with | |
1448 | .Nm | |
1449 | without permitting login with | |
1450 | .Xr rlogin 1 | |
1451 | or | |
1452 | .Xr rsh 1 . | |
1453 | .It Pa /etc/hosts.equiv | |
1454 | This file is used during | |
610cd5c6 | 1455 | .Pa \&.rhosts authentication. |
1456 | It contains | |
bf740959 | 1457 | canonical hosts names, one per line (the full format is described on |
1458 | the | |
1459 | .Xr sshd 8 | |
610cd5c6 | 1460 | manual page). |
1461 | If the client host is found in this file, login is | |
bf740959 | 1462 | automatically permitted provided client and server user names are the |
610cd5c6 | 1463 | same. |
1464 | Additionally, successful RSA host authentication is normally | |
1465 | required. | |
1466 | This file should only be writable by root. | |
5f4fdfae | 1467 | .It Pa /etc/shosts.equiv |
f54651ce | 1468 | This file is processed exactly as |
bf740959 | 1469 | .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv . |
1470 | This file may be useful to permit logins using | |
1471 | .Nm | |
1472 | but not using rsh/rlogin. | |
5f4fdfae | 1473 | .It Pa /etc/sshrc |
bf740959 | 1474 | Commands in this file are executed by |
1475 | .Nm | |
1476 | when the user logs in just before the user's shell (or command) is started. | |
1477 | See the | |
1478 | .Xr sshd 8 | |
1479 | manual page for more information. | |
1480 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc | |
1481 | Commands in this file are executed by | |
1482 | .Nm | |
1483 | when the user logs in just before the user's shell (or command) is | |
1484 | started. | |
f54651ce | 1485 | See the |
bf740959 | 1486 | .Xr sshd 8 |
1487 | manual page for more information. | |
83b7f649 | 1488 | .It Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment |
1489 | Contains additional definitions for environment variables, see section | |
1490 | .Sx ENVIRONMENT | |
1491 | above. | |
b5e300c2 | 1492 | .El |
fa08c86b | 1493 | .Sh AUTHORS |
5fb622e4 | 1494 | OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free |
1495 | ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. | |
1496 | Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, | |
1497 | Theo de Raadt and Dug Song | |
1498 | removed many bugs, re-added newer features and | |
1499 | created OpenSSH. | |
1500 | Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH | |
1501 | protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. | |
bf740959 | 1502 | .Sh SEE ALSO |
1503 | .Xr rlogin 1 , | |
1504 | .Xr rsh 1 , | |
1505 | .Xr scp 1 , | |
61e96248 | 1506 | .Xr sftp 1 , |
bf740959 | 1507 | .Xr ssh-add 1 , |
1508 | .Xr ssh-agent 1 , | |
1509 | .Xr ssh-keygen 1 , | |
1510 | .Xr telnet 1 , | |
9afadca8 | 1511 | .Xr sshd 8 |
2cad6cef | 1512 | .Rs |
1513 | .%A T. Ylonen | |
1514 | .%A T. Kivinen | |
1515 | .%A M. Saarinen | |
1516 | .%A T. Rinne | |
1517 | .%A S. Lehtinen | |
1518 | .%T "SSH Protocol Architecture" | |
1930af48 | 1519 | .%N draft-ietf-secsh-architecture-09.txt |
1520 | .%D July 2001 | |
2cad6cef | 1521 | .%O work in progress material |
1522 | .Re |